Why must the mass of reactants in a chemical reaction
always equal the mass of products?

Answer:

hope this answer will help you

Explanation:

As we know that

number of moles=mass/molecular mass

so we moles and we know the molecular mass of NH3 which is 17 we simply multiply no. of moles with molecular mass to get mass in gram

0.655×17= 11.135g

Sanitizers typically operate at temperatures from 75°F and 120°F.Chlorine compounds can corrode some metal objects at higher temperatures.

Temperatures, pH, relative humidity, & water hardness are other physical and chemical variables that affect disinfection processes.

Solutions containing chlorine for sanitizing must have a lowest temperature of 75°F.At lower temperatures, they perform worse.Chlorine can evaporate from of the solution and damage some metals at temperatures higher that 120°F.Generally speaking, all sanitizers function best between 75° & 120°F.

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It depends on the type of solute being dissolved, as different solutes will have different solubility rates in water.

Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solution. It is a physical property of a compound that is affected by temperature, pressure, and the presence of other compounds. Solubility is an important factor in determining the behavior of a material when mixed with other compounds. It is also important in determining the rate of reaction of a compound with other compounds in a solution. Solubility can also be used to determine the concentration of a solution or the amount of a compound that can be dissolved in a solution.

Generally speaking, the solubility of a solute in water increases as the temperature of the water increases. For example, the solubility of sugar in water is about 180 g/L at 20°C, whereas the solubility of sodium chloride is about 35 g/L at 20°C. Therefore, the amount of solute that will dissolve in 100g of water will vary depending on the type of solute and the temperature of the water.

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IBr3 has three single bonds between the Iodine (I) and Bromine (Br) atoms in its Lewis structure. The Iodine atom (I) is in the centre, surrounded by three Bromine atoms (Br).

The Iodine atom has two lone pairs, while all three Bromine atoms have three. Because the overall formal charge is zero, the Lewis structure of PBr 3 described above is the most appropriate, reliable, and stable in nature. In PBr 3, there are three bonding pairs of electrons and one lone pair of electrons. The molecule will shape itself in such a way that repulsive forces are minimised.

The number of lone pairs of electrons present around the central atom is also denoted by the Lewis Structure. Ionic, covalent, and coordination compounds can all have Lewis structures. However, we can only draw it if we know the compound's molecular formula.

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The color of the beans darkens, and the bean shells become fragile. The process transforms the flavor-precursors in the bean into the compounds that give chocolate its scent and flavor.

Caffeine and theobromine are both found in coffee and chocolate. The cacao plant produces theobromine, a member of the alkaloid family of substances, along with many other plants. Coffee and tea also contain some theobromine, but chocolate is the best natural source.

There are numerous organic chemicals used to make chocolate. This means that there are three ingredients that chocolate must definitely include. These are the three elements that make up carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.

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The mechanism for the cleavage of the ether by adding the missing curved arrows is attached below.

Common names of ethers simply give the names of the two alkyl groups bonded to oxygen and add the word ether. The current practice is to list the alkyl groups in alphabetical order (t-butyl methyl ether), but older names often list the alkyl groups in increasing order of size (methyl t-butyl ether).

The reaction given in the attached diagram is known as Acidic Cleavage of Ether. Ether when treated with strong acid like HI, the oxygen atom of ether picks the proton making a positive charge on oxygen.

The Iodide conjugate base formed acts as a nucleophile and attacks on the carbon next to positive oxygen and forms Alkyl Halide.

This is a type of SN² reaction. The complete reaction with missing atoms, charges and arrows is attached below.

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In the given question, option a. 2.82 is the predicted ratio of the amount of oxygen atoms to the number of magnesium atoms on Earth.

Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. It can exist in different forms, such as solid, liquid, or gas, and it is made up of tiny particles called atoms.

To estimate the ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of magnesium atoms on earth, we need to compare the mass percentage of each element with their atomic masses.

The atomic mass of oxygen is 16, while the atomic mass of magnesium is 24.31.

The mass percentage of oxygen is 28.7%, so the mass of oxygen in 100 grams of ordinary matter is 28.7 grams.

The mass percentage of magnesium is 15.4%, so the mass of magnesium in 100 grams of ordinary matter is 15.4 grams.

The number of oxygen atoms in 28.7 grams of oxygen is (28.7 g / 16 g/mol) = 1.79 moles of oxygen.

The number of magnesium atoms in 15.4 grams of magnesium is (15.4 g / 24.31 g/mol) = 0.634 moles of magnesium.

The ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of magnesium atoms: [tex]\rm \dfrac {(1.79 \ moles\ of \ oxygen)} { (0.634\ moles \ of \ magnesium) }[/tex]

= 2.82

Therefore, the estimated ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of magnesium atoms on earth is option a. 2.82.

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Your question is incomplete but most probably your full question was:

Oxygen is estimated to make up 28.7% of the mass of ordinary matter on earth, while magnesium makes up 15.4%. estimate the ratio of the number of oxygen atoms to the number of magnesium atoms on earth.

a. 2.82

b. 2.88

c. 3.22

d. 2.73

There are two kinds of motion that earth possess, one is rotation and other is revolution. Therefore,  the correct option is option C that is "this is due to rotation of earth on its axis".

The motion of the earth around its axis is known as rotation. Revolution refers to the motion of the earth about the sun in a fixed route or orbit. The earth's axis, which is an invisible line, forms a 6612° angle with its planet's orbit.

The earth does not remain stationary throughout the year. The Earth revolves around the sun. The earth revolves and spins around the sun. The Earth is situated between Venus and Mars, therefore it is neither too hot nor too cold. Because of rotation of earth on its axis, earth is hotter in summer than in winter.

Therefore,  the correct option is option C that is "this is due to rotation of earth on its axis".

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The freezing point of pure water is 0°C, the urea solution freezes at –0.186°C.

The temperature at which a liquid solution freezes to a solid is a little lower than the freezing point of the pure solvent. The freezing point depression phenomena has a straightforward relationship to the solute concentration.

The molecular weight of Urea is

14 + 2(1) + 12 + 16 + 14 + 2(1) = 60 g/mole

The number of moles of Urea = 0.6g / 60 = 0.01moles

and the concentration of the solution in moles per kilogram of water is

0.01 moles / 0.100 kg H₂O = 0.1 molal

By taking the freezing point constant for water as 1.86

Δ T f = 1.86°C/m × 0.1 m

Δ T f = 0.186

Because the freezing point of pure water is 0°C, the urea solution freezes at –0.186°C.

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All intermolecular forces include electrostatic attraction in some way.

Electrostatic interactions are the source of intermolecular forces; this means that they are created when positively and negatively charged species come into contact with one another. Intermolecular interactions, much like covalent and ionic bonds, are the result of the addition of components that are both attractive and repulsive. The electromagnetic forces of attraction or repulsion that act between atoms and other types of neighboring particles, such as atoms or ions, are examples of intermolecular forces, also known as secondary forces. An intermolecular force, also known as an IMF (or secondary force), is the force that mediates the interaction between molecules.

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The most typical way for occupational contaminants to enter the body is through breathing contaminated air.

Intake, ingestion, injection, and the skin's absorption and eyes are the four primary entrance points.

The method via which a person may come into touch with a dangerous material is referred to as an exposure pathway.There are three primary exposure routes: direct touch, ingestion, and inhalation.

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32.9 times is the rate of a reaction changed if an enzyme lowers the Ea by 7.0 kj/mol at 37°C.

Using the Arrhenius equation

log (k2/k1) = [Ea (uncatalysed) - Ea (catalysed)] / 2.303x RT

where k2 = rate constatnt of catlaysed reaction

         k1 = rate constant of uncatalysed reaction

         R = gas constant = 8.314 J/mol.K

         T = absolute temperature of the reaction

            = 37 + 273 = 310 K

thus

log (k2/k1) = 9x1000J / (2.303 x 8.314x310)

               = 1.51

thus k2/k1 = 32.81

The rate at which a chemical reaction occurs is defined as proportional to the rise in product concentration per unit time and the decrease in reactant concentration per unit time. The reaction times may vary substantially.

For example, although oxidative corrosion of iron in the Earth's atmosphere might take years, cellulose burning in a fire happens in fractions of a second. Most responses slow down as the reaction develops.

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Homologous structures are physical features that are similar in form or function, but which have evolved separately in different species. These structures provide evidence for the theory of evolution by common descent, which proposes that all living organisms share a common ancestor and that they have evolved over time through a process of natural selection.

Some examples of homologous structures include:

   The wings of birds, the wings of bats, and the arms of humans. These structures have different functions (flying, grasping, etc.), but they have a similar skeletal structure and are made up of bones that have a similar arrangement and shape. This suggests that they have a common evolutionary origin.

   The fins of fish and the legs of reptiles. The bones in the fins of fish and the legs of reptiles are similar in shape and arrangement, indicating that they may have evolved from a common ancestor.

   The gills of fish and the lungs of mammals. Both gills and lungs are used for respiration, but they have evolved independently in different groups of organisms. The similarities between the two structures suggest that they may have evolved from a common ancestor.

Homologous structures are one type of evidence that is used to support the theory of evolution. Other types of evidence include the fossil record, comparative anatomy, and molecular biology.

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Organic compounds that contain alike amino as well as carboxylic acid functional groups are known as amino acids.

Although thousands of amino acid residues exist in nature, the alpha-amino acids that comprise proteins are unquestionably the most important. The genetic code contains only 22 alpha amino acids.

An amino acid's structure allows it to function as both a base and an acid. Because nearly all amino acid molecules exist as zwitterions at a specific pH value (different for each amino acid), an amino acid has this ability. When acid is added to a zwitterion-containing solution, the carboxylate group manages to capture a hydrogen (H+) ion, causing the amino acid to become positively charged.

When a base is added, the ion removal of the H+ ion from the zwitterion's amino group results in a negatively charged amino acid. In both cases, the amino acid serves to maintain the pH of the system by removing the added acid (H+) or base (OH) from solution.

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The given organic compound can be named based on the IUPAC rules. The name of the compound is 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethyl pentane.

IUPAC rules are certain rules regarding the naming of organic compounds. The compounds are numbered based on the longest chain of carbon atoms in it. The numbering starts from the position of double bond or triple bond if present or the functional groups is noted.

The name is given in the alphabetical order of the prefix of the functional groups and the numbering is put in a manner that the carbons bearing the functional groups have the small numbers.

The given compound contains 5 carbons in the longest chain. The OH group is attached to the 3rd carbon and there are 3 methyl branches one in 2nd carbon and 2 in 4th one. Hence, the name of the compound is 3-hydroxy-2,4,4-trimethyl pentane.

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The Lewis diagram of the compound propanol contains 7 C-H sigma bonds and 3 C-C sigma bonds. There are only one C-O bond and one O-H bond and the oxygen contains two lone pair of electrons.

A Lewis diagram is used to represent the bonds between atoms and the shared pair of electrons, non-bonded electrons and the lone pairs as well. Thus, we can understand the number of each type of bonds and the electrons present in the valence shell which are bonded or not.

The formal charge of each atom in the compound can be easily calculated from the Lewis diagram of the compound. The presence of lone pairs, sigma bonds, covalent bonds for each atom can be clearly understood from the Lewis diagram.

The Lewis diagram of the compound propanol contains 7 C-H sigma bonds and 3 C-C sigma bonds. There are only one C-O bond and one O-H bond and the oxygen contains two lone pair of electrons.

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The conjugate acid of CH3COO- is CH3COOH. The conjugate acid of F- is HF. The conjugate acid of CN- is HCN. The conjugate acid of PO43- is HPO4(2-).The conjugate base of CH3COOH is CH3COO-. The conjugate base of HCl is CL-. The conjugate base of H2SO4 is HSO4-. The conjugate base of H2S is HS-. The conjugate base of H3PO4 is H2PO4-. The conjugate base of NH4+ is NH3. Na2HPO4 is soluble and exists in two units of the cation Na+ and one unit of the anion Na+ AND HPO4^2-. The conjugate base of this anion is  PO4^3-. Na3PO4 is soluble and exists in three units of the cation Na+ and one unit of the anion PO4^3-. The conjugate acid of this anion is HP04^2-.

According to the Brnsted-Lowry acid-base theory, a conjugate acid is a chemical that is produced when an acid donates a proton (H +) to a base; in other words, it is a base that has had a hydrogen ion added to it, as in the opposite reaction, the base loses a hydrogen ion. A base is made when a proton from an acid is taken on, while an acid is produced when a base accepts one. An acid and a base that only differ by the presence or absence of a proton are said to be conjugate acid-base pairs.

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The electron configuration of a potassium atom at ground state is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹. Therefore, option D is correct.

The electron configuration of an element can be explained as electrons being occupied in different energy levels of an atom of a specific element. In the electron configuration, the electrons are usually written as a superscript of atomic subshells. For example, the electron configuration of Helium can be represented as 1s²2s².

The sequence of completely filled subshells similar to neighboring the electronic configuration of a noble gas is represented by square brackets. The principal quantum number (n) will be used to denote the maximum number of electrons in an electron shell.

The total number of electrons occupied in the given electronic configuration  1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s¹  is 19. The atomic number of potassium is 19 therefore it is the configuration of potassium.

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Hybridization is the process of redistribution of the energy of orbitals of individual atoms to give orbitals of equivalent energy happens when two atomic orbitals combine to form a hybrid orbital in a molecule.

The term that is used to indicate the intermixing of atomic orbitals with the same energy levels to give the same number of a new type of hybrid orbitals. This kind of intermixing usually results in the formation of hybrid orbitals which have entirely different energies, shapes, etc.

Orbitals present only in central atom would undergo hybridization. The orbitals containing almost the same energy level combine to form hybrid orbitals. The total numbers of atomic orbitals mixed together are always equal to the total number of hybrid orbitals.

The given question is incomplete so I have answered according to my own knowledge.

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The IUPAC name of the given organic compound is E -3-methyl-4-ethyl-hept-3-en. The notation E is given because, the similar groups are in opposite directions.

For naming organic compounds, there are certain rules  called the IUPAC rules regarding the numbering of carbon atoms and naming of adding functional groups to the names.

In the given compound, the double bond is at the  third carbon in the long chain and the methyl branch is on 3rd carbon and ethyl branch  on the fourth carbon. The long chain contains total 7 carbon atoms.

The bulk groups and methyl groups are in the similar side  and hence, notation E is used. The name of the compound is ,  E -3-methyl-4-ethyl-hept-3-en.

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After solving the equation the final volume of gas is 338.50ml.

What is Avogadro's law?

It states that, when the temperature and pressure are held constant, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of a gas.

⇒ V α n

In this problem ,

Initial volume , V₁ = 240ml

Initial number of moles = 0.519 mol

final number of moles = 0.519 + 0.213

                                    =  0.732 mol

By Avogadro's law

V₁/n₁ = V₂/n₂

V₂ = V₁ × n₂ / n₁

   = 240×( 0.732 / 0.519)

   = 338.50ml

Therefore final volume of gas is  338.50ml

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No, the freezing point can be either positive or negative, depending on the substance.

Substance is a term used to refer to a material or matter that possesses a certain physical property or form and can exist either as a solid, liquid, or gas. It is a fundamental concept in chemistry and physics, used to refer to any type of material that has mass and occupies space. For example, water, air, soil, and rocks are all substances. The properties of substances depend on the arrangement of their atoms and molecules and can be used to identify and distinguish different kinds of substances.

For example, the freezing point of pure water is 0°C (32°F).

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The temperature of the gas, given that the container holds 3.00 moles of H₂ gas at a pressure of 4.50 atm is -90.3 °C

Ideal gas equation states as follow:

PV = nRT

Where

Using the above formula we can obtain the temperature of the gas as follow:

PV = nRT

4.5 × 10 = 3 × 0.0821 × T

45 = 0.2463 × T

Divide both sides by 0.2463

T = 45 / 0.2463

T = 182.7 K

Subtract 273 to obtain answer in °C

T = 182.7 - 273

T = -90.3 °C

Thus, the temperature is -90.3 °C

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Answer:

183 K

Explanation:

Edg

the lattice energy of MgH2() is 2791 kJ/mol with a series of step when the Enthalpies of formation for calcium hydrided is given.

An article publishing charge (APC) is required of authors or research funders to cover publication costs in open access journals that do not charge subscription fees. This guarantees that everyone will be able to access your article promptly and without charge in the future.

Solution:

the lattice energy of MgH2() is :

ΔHf(−75. 3 kJ/mol )  =S+0.5D+IE+EA+U

ΔHf(−75. 3 kJ/mol )= 2791 kJ/mol

The papers published in MDPI Special Issues are of extremely high quality! When I published my research with MDPI (Energies Journal), it was a wonderful experience. Both the submission of the manuscript and the timing of publishing were excellent.

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Examples of homologous structures include the human arm, a bird or bat's wing, a dog's leg, a dolphin or whale's flipper, and a bird or a bat's wing. Despite being comparable and having similar qualities, they are separate and have different functions.

The arms of primates and bats are two common examples of homologous structures in evolutionary biology. Genetically, these two structures are related even though they do not share the same function or appearance as their most recent common ancestor.

The forelimbs of vertebrates, which are similar to the arms of primates, the front flippers of fish, and the wings of bats and birds, are an example of homologous structures.

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The number of ionic bond in copper is zero.

Pure copper or any pure metal for that matter are examples of metallic bonds, which are neither ionic nor covalent. The copper atoms are stacked very tightly in a solid lattice. In fact it has a face centered cubic lattice which is the closed packing of atoms possible. Each atom has twelve nearest neighbors which allows their 4s orbitals (mostly) to have the optimal overlap. All of these orbitals therefore combine in one gigantic band of delocalized orbitals that spans the entire crystal with its myriad atoms. This band is only partly filled and the difference in energy between one state and the next is puny, which explains copper’s outstanding conductive properties.

Therefore, the bonding in copper has a metallic character.

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An element with three valence electrons has an effective nuclear charge of 2.

Eight elements make up the third period: silicon, phosphorus, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, sulfur, chlorine, and argon. The first two, sodium and magnesium, are found in the periodic table's s-block, while the remaining elements are found in the p-block.

The third period elements are also known as typical elements or representative elements since they accurately reflect the characteristics of their own group without any aberrations. Eight elements make up the third period, including sodium, magnesium, aluminum, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, and argon.

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α and β decay processes new elements.

The process by which unstable nuclei of radioactive atoms are becoming stable by emitting positive ions and energy is known as radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is classified into three types: alpha decay, beta decay, and gamma decay. Alpha and beta decay are processes that convert one element into another.

There seem to be three types of decays: α - decay, β – decay and γ – decay.

The nucleus loses two protons and two neutrons during alpha decay, resulting in the formation of a new element with just an atomic number that is two less than the original atomic number.

The new atomic number = the initial atomic number - 2

The neutron inside the core decays into one proton and one electron during beta decay, and the electron is emitted as a beta ray while the proton remains inside the nucleus.

As a result, it generates a new element with an atomic number that is one higher than the original atomic number.

The new atomic number = the initial atomic number + 1.

There is no change throughout charge or mass in the nucleus during gamma decay. As a result, the atomic number remains constant.

As a result, only α decay and β decay produce new elements.

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To get a 20% by weight solution, 0.167 grams of KCl must dissolve in 60 grams of water.

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