2. Explain the relationship between the key terms in
each of the following pairs.
a. direct pressure and indirect pressure
b. goal and action plan

Balanced net ionic equation for a neutralization reaction that results in the formation of sodium fluoride is Na+ + F- → NaF

A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs when an acid and a base react to form a salt and water. This type of reaction is exothermic, meaning that it releases energy in the form of heat. During a neutralization reaction, hydrogen ions from the acid are neutralized by the hydroxide ions from the base. The byproduct of this reaction is a salt and water. The salt produced depends on the acid and base used in the reaction, and the pH of the solution is neutralized to 7.0.

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Determine the substance's molecular weight in units of one mole, then divide the molar mass value by the molecular mass, and multiply the result by the Avogadro constant to get the required number of molecules.

It is possible to determine the number of molecules by using the relationship between the number of moles and Avogadro's number, which is provided by;

1 mole = Avogadro's constant (NA)

The number of molecules will equal the product of the number of moles and Avogadro's number, which is determined after the number of moles has been determined

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Answer: Aufbau Principle

Explanation:

Aufbau Principle - states that lower energy orbits must be completely filled before moving onto a higher energy level

Hund's Rule - pairing rule; all boxes in the level must be given one arrow before adding a second arrow

Pauli Exclusion Principle - each box must contain two arrows pointing in different directions

This question doesn't completely fill the 1s level before moving onto the next 2s level. Therefore, the digram violates the Aufbau Principle.

3.4 mole of H₂SO₄ moles of sulfuric acid (H₂SO4) are needed to react completely with 6.8 moles of lithium hydroxide.

How many moles of sulfuric acid (H₂SO4) are needed ?

Based on the reaction’s stoichiometry: 2 LiOH + H2SO4 Li2SO4 + 2 H2O

It is obvious that when 2.0 moles of LiOH react with 1.0 mole of H2SO4, 1.0 mole of Li2SO4 and 2.0 moles of H2O are produced.

Making use of cross multiplication:

1.0 mole of H2SO4 totally interacts with LiOH (2.0 moles)

2.0 mole of H2SO4 is required to totally react with 6.8 mole of LiOH.

The mole of H2SO4 = (1.0 x 6.8) / (2.0) = 3.4 mole of H2SO4.

One mole of H2SO4 has an atomic mass of 98 grams. So 98 grams of H2SO4 comprises one mole of H2SO4 molecule, or seven moles of atoms.

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From 5.5 grammes of sodium fluoride, 4.1 grammes of magnesium fluoride will be created. The inorganic substance MgF2 stands for magnesium fluoride.

It naturally occurs as the rare mineral sellaite and is a white crystalline salt that is transparent over a broad range of wavelengths and has commercial use in optics used in space telescopes. With the formula NaF, sodium fluoride (NaF) is an inorganic substance. It is utilised in minute quantities in toothpaste, metallurgy, and as a flux in addition to fluoridating drinking water. It is a white or colourless substance that easily dissolves in water. Pharmaceutical manufacturers frequently use it as a source of fluoride. Mass in grammes is equal to 0.06548 times 62.301 grammes of MgF2.

= 0.06548 /62.301 = 4.1grams

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Answer:

There are several methods that can be used to prevent or slow corrosion:

Coatings: Applying a protective coating to a metal surface can prevent corrosion by creating a barrier between the metal and the environment. Common types of coatings include paint, galvanizing, and electroplating.

Cathodic protection: Cathodic protection involves applying a current to a metal surface in order to reduce the potential difference between the metal and its environment. This can help to prevent corrosion by reducing the electron flow that drives the corrosion reaction.

Inhibitors: Corrosion inhibitors are chemical substances that can be applied to a metal surface to slow or prevent corrosion. These substances work by reacting with the metal surface or the environment to form a protective film or layer.

Passivation: Passivation is a process that involves removing surface contaminants and oxide layers from a metal surface in order to improve its corrosion resistance. This can be achieved through chemical or mechanical means.

Materials selection: Choosing corrosion-resistant materials for specific applications can help to prevent or slow corrosion. For example, stainless steel is a commonly used material for corrosive environments because of its high resistance to corrosion.

Environmental control: Controlling the environment in which a metal object is used can also help to prevent or slow corrosion. For example, reducing humidity or keeping a metal object dry can help to prevent corrosion.

Maintenance: Regular maintenance, such as cleaning and inspection, can help to identify and address corrosion issues before they become severe. This can include removing corrosion products, repairing damage, and applying protective coatings as needed.

If 1.70g of aniline reacts with the 2.10 g of bromine, the theoretical yield of 4-bromoaniline is 2.25 g.

1 mole mole of the aniline react with the 1 mol of Br₂ produces 1 mole of the 4 - bromoaniline.

mass of aniline = 1.70 g

molar mass of aniline = 93 g/mol

moles of aniline = 0.0182 mol

mass of Br₂ = 2.10 g

molar mass of Br₂ = 160 g/mol

moles = 2.10/ 160

         =  0.0131 mol

Br₂ is limiting reagent .

moles of 4-bromoaniline =  0.0131

mass of 4-bromoaniline = moles × molar mass

                                        = 0.0131 × 172

                                         = 2.25 g

Thus, the theoretical yield is 2.25 g.

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The importance of the carbon dioxide, CO₂ and the oxygen O₂ in the water is they both are important for the aquatic animals and for the aquatic plant.

The CO₂ and O₂ are both important for the aquatic animals and also for the aquatic plants. the concentration of the oxygen in to the water is important for the aquatic animals that the dissolved oxygen for the respiration. the carbon dioxide will be more soluble in water than the oxygen in the water.

The carbon dioxide forms the carbonic acid in the water. the carbon dioxide is useful for the aquatic plants for the growth.

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Anaerobic respiration results in the production of 2 ATP molecules.

Anaerobic respiration is the use of electron acceptors other than molecular oxygen in respiration. Despite the fact that oxygen is not the ultimate electron acceptor, the process employs a respiratory electron transport chain. When there is insufficient oxygen for some species to respire, they still require energy to survive. Due to a lack of oxygen, they respire in the absence of oxygen to create the energy they require, which is known as anaerobic respiration. While most aerobic respiration (with oxygen) occurs in the cell's mitochondria, anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) occurs in the cytoplasm.

Here,

Two ATP molecules are created during anaerobic respiration.

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2 moles of hydrogen (H2) are required to completely reduce 1 mole of cis-2,3,3- trimethylhepta-1,5-diene (C11H16).

Moles, in chemistry, is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance. It is equal to 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles. In other words, a mole contains an exact number of particles, which is known as Avogadro's number. The mole is a convenient way to measure and compare large amounts of a substance. It is also used to measure the amount of energy released or absorbed in a chemical reaction.

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We need 0.127 L of 0.450 M Na3PO4 to precipitate all the lead(II) ions from 190.0 mL of 0.600 M Pb(NO3)2.

This is a precipitation reaction. To determine the amount of Na3PO4 needed to precipitate all the lead(II) ions, we need to find the number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 present in the solution.

First, we'll use the formula to convert the volume of the solution to liters:

190.0 mL * (1 L/1000 mL) = 0.19 L

Next, we'll use the molarity formula to find the number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 in the solution:

molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution

moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.600 M * 0.19 L = 0.114 moles

Now we can use the balanced equation for the reaction to find how many moles of Na3PO4 are needed to react with all 0.114 moles of Pb(NO3)2

Pb(NO3)2 + 3Na3PO4 -> Pb3(PO4)2 + 6NaNO3

We can see that 2 moles of Pb(NO3)2 react with 3 moles of Na3PO4

So we need 0.114 moles/ 2 moles = 0.057 moles of Na3PO4

Finally we can use the molarity formula again to find the volume of 0.450 M Na3PO4 required

Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution

0.057 moles = 0.450 M * V

V = 0.057 moles / 0.450 M = 0.127 L

So we need 0.127 L of 0.450 M Na3PO4 to precipitate all the lead(II) ions from 190.0 mL of 0.600 M Pb(NO3)2

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The volume of the cube that is submerged in the liquid would be 36.0 ml.

Submerged refers to something that is completely covered or surrounded by a liquid, usually water. Submerged objects are often completely or partially underwater, and can refer to anything from a submerged shipwreck to a submerged rock formation. Submerged objects can also refer to objects that are partially or totally surrounded by the water or liquid, such as a submerged tree or submerged vegetation. Submerging can also refer to objects that are pushed underwater or forced down due to pressure, such as a submarine. Submerging can also refer to a process in which an object is submerged and then brought back up, such as in underwater welding or archaeological excavations.

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A furnace has an advantage over a flame in atomic absorption because it is more sensitive due to the lengthier time the atomized material remains in the optical path.

Absorption in chemistry is the process by which a material that is already present in one state gets assimilated into another substance that is already present in another state (e.g., gases being absorbed by a liquid or liquids being absorbed by a solid).

Absorption and adsorption have quite different definitions. A liquid can be absorbed by a substance like a sponge, cloth, or filter paper. The absorbent substance absorbs all of the liquid. Adsorption describes the accumulation of single molecules, atoms, or ions on surfaces.

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Answer: devide the concept

Explanation: devide and then answer it

When Br2(l) boils at its normal boiling point, its entropy increases as it is positive.

The level of randomness found inside a substance's molecules is known as entropy.

The temperature at which atmospheric pressure and a liquid's vapor pressure are equal is known as the boiling point.

The amount of heat energy required to convert one mole of a substance from its liquid state into its gaseous state at constant temperature and pressure is referred to as the molar enthalpy of vaporization.

Entropy increases when a liquid is heated because the randomness between the molecules increases. As a result, entropy will rise.

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Coca-Cola is making a version of Coke that uses sucrose (C12H22O11) instead of high fructose corn syrup. The molarity of sucrose in the Coke is 0.32 mol/L.

Coca-Cola is making a version of Coke that uses sucrose (C12H22O11) instead of high fructose corn syrup. If there are 39.24 grams of sucrose in a 12.0 fluid oz. can of this Coke, what is the molarity of sucrose in the Coke.

To find the molarity of sucrose in the Coke, we first need to find the number of moles of sucrose present in the can. We can use the mass of sucrose (39.24 g) and the molar mass of sucrose (342.3 g/mol) to find the number of moles of sucrose:

= (39.24 g) / (342.3 g/mol)

= 0.114 mol

Next, we need to find the volume of the can in liters. We can convert the volume in fluid oz. to liters using the conversion factor 1 fluid oz.

= 0.0295735 L:

= (12.0 fluid oz.) x (0.0295735 L/fluid oz.)

= 0.354882 L

Finally, we can use the formula for molarity (moles of solute / liters of solution) to find the molarity of sucrose in the Coke:

= molarity

= (0.114 mol) / (0.354882 L)

= 0.32 mol/L

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Answer: False

Explanation:

Measuring fabric is one purpose for this wooden metric and meter stick that is perfect for many different applications.

Often employed in the construction business, a meterstick, metrestick, as well as yardstick refers to a straightedge or even a foldable ruler was using to measure length. They were frequently built of plastic or wood, with metal as well as plastic joints which enable folding.

A sewing or seam gauge would be a compact but helpful instrument for gauging tiny distances. The spaces needed for buttonholes as well as buttonhole spacing can also be measured using the sewing gauge, along with hemlines, tucks, as well as pleats.

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In the reaction, NH4HS(s)⇌NH3(g)+H2S(g), more of the solid will form.

In a chemical reaction, equilibrium is the state where both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so there is also no observable change in the properties of the system. This state results when forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as reverse reaction.

If Q= K then equilibrium

Q>k, then reversed direction shift

Q<k, then forward direction shift

Given, Kc=8.5×10−3

Given [NH3]=0.166  and M [H2S]=0.166 M

Here Q= 0.166 M (given)

It shows Q> k that is 0.166 > 8.5×10−3

Therefore, more of the solid will form.

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The properties of a substance are determined by the arrangement of atoms in that substance.

A substance has two types of properties: physical and chemical properties.

The physical properties of a substance does not change the physical identity of the substance.

Examples of physical properties are density, color, boiling point, melting point and hardness.

Whereas the chemical properties are those properties which alter the substance completely and transforms it into a new substance or a compound.

For example, chemical reactions such as oxidation or reduction reactions, corrosion and flammability are chemical properties which occur when change in the arrangement of atoms take place.

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The atomic size of a magnesium ion is smaller than the atomic size of sodium ion.

The distribution of electrons in an element's atomic orbitals is known by its electronic configuration. Atoms' electron configurations adhere to a standard nomenclature in which all atomic subshells that contain electrons are arranged in a sequence with the number of electrons they each hold expressed in superscript.

the electronic configuration of each element's electrons:

Na-[tex]1s^{2}2 s^{2}2 p^{6} 3s^{1}[/tex]

Mg-[tex]1s^{2} 2s^{2} 2p^{6} 3s^{2}[/tex]

The magnesium atom is smaller than the sodium atom because its nuclear charge is larger (12+) than that of sodium (11+), according to the electron configuration. The electrons will be drawn more strongly to the magnesium nucleus, reducing the size of the atom.

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Fluorine reacts with xenon but iodine doesn't because fluorine is highly electronegative, it can pull electrons from xenon which is a noble gas and rarely reactive. On the other hand, iodine has low electronegativity and is least reactivity, so doesn't react with xenon.

Fluorine and iodine belongs to the family of halogens with the general electronic configuration ns²np⁵ . So, they have the tendency to attract electrons in their valence shell. Xenon, on the other hand is a noble gas with a stable electronic configuration ns²np⁶.

In family of halogens, Fluorine has the highest electronegativity and iodine has the least due to increase in its size. So, more electronegative fluorine has the tendency to form compounds with xenon whereas both iodine and xenon being less reactive cannot form a bond together.

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Whenever we need to find the purity of a combination of two metals, which is known as an alloy, we use the simple formula where we find the weight of the main compound in the numerator and the weight of the total alloy In the denominator. Multiplying this by hundred gives us the purity of the metal. This is extensively used to calculate the purity of silver and gold.

In the box on a periodic table  we can find its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name of the element.

By the 20th century, it was clear that atomic numbers, not atomic masses, were involved in the periodic relationship. The periodic law, a more recent formulation of this relationship, states that an element's properties are a periodic function of its atomic number.

The elements are arranged in a modern periodic table in increasing order of their atomic numbers, and atoms with comparable properties are grouped in the same vertical column (Figure below). With its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name, each box represents an element. The elements are grouped in 18 vertical columns called groups and seven horizontal rows known as periods or series.

Each column's header lists the names of its groups. Roman numerals and capital letters have traditionally been used on labels in the United States. The IUPAC advises using the digits 1 through 18, and these labels are more widely used. Parts of two of the rows, totaling 14 columns, are typically written below the table's main body in order for it to fit on a single page.

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Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, an amount of 84 moles of H₂ are needed to react with 28 moles of nitrogen.

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

N₂ + 3 H₂  → 2 NH₃

By reaction stoichiometry, the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

It can be applied the rule of three: If by reaction stoichiometry 1 mole of N₂ react with 3 moles of H₂, 28 moles of N₂ react with how many moles of H₂?

moles of H₂= (28 moles of N₂×3 moles of H₂)÷1 mole of N₂

moles of H₂= 84 moles

Finally, 84 moles of H₂ reacted.

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The Lucas Test is used to detect the presence of a primary alcohol.

When the test is positive, the mixture of the primary alcohol with the Lucas reagent changes from a clear and colourless characteristic to a turbid, cloudy, and hazy characteristic. This visual change is due to the reaction of the primary alcohol with the Lucas reagent which is a mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride.

The Lucas Test is used to detect the presence of a primary alcohol, and when a positive result is obtained, the reaction of the primary alcohol with the Lucas reagent, a mixture of hydrochloric acid and zinc chloride, causes the visual change from a clear and colourless characteristic to a turbid, cloudy, and hazy one.

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Endothermic reaction is taking place in the reaction; as ammonium chloride and water contact, less energy is generated by breaking the bonds between the two substances.

Than what is needed to create the new substance's connections. Endothermic  reactions are those in which the reactants take in heat energy from their environment to create products. These reactions produce a cooling effect by bringing the temperature of the space around them lower. Endothermic physical processes are also possible; for example, ice cubes can melt into liquid water by absorbing heat energy from their environment (no chemical bonds are broken or formed). With the chemical formula NH4Cl, ammonium chloride is an inorganic substance that is a white, crystalline salt that is very soluble in water.

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Glycolysis during fermentation only yields two ATP each glucose molecule, which is significantly less ATP than is produced during respiration.

A collection of more than two atoms joined by chemical bonds is referred to as a molecule. The compound is a mixture made up of two or more distinct kinds of elements that are chemically combined in a predetermined ratio. Not every molecule is a compound. Molecules make up all chemicals.

According to the context, it term might or might not include ions that meet this requirement. A molecule is a collection of atoms that are held together by the attractive forces called as chemical bonds.

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Enzyme Inhibitors bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction.

An enzyme is a biological molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, making it more likely that the reaction will proceed. However, enzymes can also be inhibited, which means that their activity is reduced or stopped completely. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as the presence of a specific molecule called an inhibitor.

Some inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding and thus preventing the reaction from occurring. Other inhibitors bind to other parts of the enzyme, causing a conformational change that prevents the enzyme from working. Still, other inhibitors bind to enzymes and alter their activity by non-covalent interactions.

There are different types of inhibitors like competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme and prevent substrate binding. Non-competitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme, causing a conformational change that makes the enzyme less active. Feedback inhibitors bind to the end product of a metabolic pathway, inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway.

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The amount of work required to increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance is 3.68×10⁻¹⁸joules.

When a push or pull applied to an object causes the object to move, that movement is referred to as work. We refer to energy as the ability to perform the work. The work completed in a given amount of time is referred to as power.

Mg²⁺with a charge is 3.2×10⁻¹⁹C

O²⁻with a charge of −3.2×10⁻¹⁹C

distance = 0.25 = 0.25 ×10⁻⁹m

We know that the constant of proportionality is equal to 8.99×10⁹Jm/C²

Work = -kq₁q₂/d

Substitute given values into the formula,

Work = 8.99×10⁹× 3.2×10⁻¹⁹× -3.2×10⁻¹⁹/ 0.25 ×10⁻⁹

Work =  8.99×10⁹×-1.024×10⁻³⁷/0.25×10⁻⁹

Work = 9.21×10⁻²⁸/ 0.25×10⁻⁹

Work = 3.68×10⁻¹⁸Joules.

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