Answer:
186
Explanation:
The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique used in molecular biology to amplify small segments of DNA. This technique uses a pair of oligonucleotide sequences called 'primers' which bind to opposite strands of the heat-denatured DNA template in order to amplify this target DNA sequence. In this case, the DNA template is composed of a single unit of 130 base pairs (bp) and four repetitive units of 14 bp, so the final PCR product will have 186 bp >>> 130 bp + (14 bp x 4) = 130 + 56 = 186.
ECOTOXICOLOGY
8. With clear examples give a detailed explanation why alteration of microenvironment can lead toxic effects 9. Discuss the conditions under apoptosis can occur, but necrosis cannot occur
The microenvironment is the environment surrounding a cell. It includes the extracellular matrix, the other cells in the tissue, and the nutrients and oxygen available to the cell.
How does alteration of microenvironment lead to toxic effects?One way is by disrupting the cell's ability to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the ability of the cell to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment. When the microenvironment is altered, the cell may be unable to maintain homeostasis, leading to damage or death.
Another way that alteration of the microenvironment can lead to toxic effects is by activating stress pathways. Stress pathways are pathways that are activated in response to environmental stressors. When these pathways are activated, they can lead to cell damage or death.
Apoptosis can occur under a number of conditions, including:
DNA damage. When DNA is damaged, the cell may undergo apoptosis to prevent the damage from spreading to other cells.Hormonal signals. Some hormones can trigger apoptosis, such as the hormone that signals the death of cells in the lining of the uterus during menstruation.Growth factor deprivation. When cells are deprived of growth factors, they may undergo apoptosis.Cell-to-cell signaling. Cells can send signals to each other that trigger apoptosis.Necrosis can occur when cells are exposed to:
Toxins. Toxins can damage cells, leading to necrosis.Injury. Physical injury, such as a cut or a burn, can damage cells, leading to necrosis.Ischemia. Ischemia is a lack of blood flow to a tissue. This can damage cells, leading to necrosis.Find out more on toxic effects here: https://brainly.com/question/1235358
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How does the extinction of species affect humans?
A. Extinction generates new sources of medicine.
B. Extinction upsets the natural cycling of nutrients,
C. Extinction helps keep air and water clean.
D. Extinction makes the environment more pleasant.
Answer:
B. Extinction upsets the natural cycling of nutrients
The extinction of species affect humans as extinction upsets the natural cycling of nutrients. Therefore, option (B) is correct.
What do you mean by extinction of species?Extinction is the end of a sort of life form or of a gathering of sorts, normally an animal categories. The snapshot of annihilation is for the most part viewed as the passing of the last person of the species, albeit the ability to raise and recuperate.
As species go terminated, they are removed from the established pecking order. The animals that ate the species that has gone extinct must find new food or die. Other animal or plant populations could suffer as a result.
Habitat loss and degradation (primarily deforestation), overexploitation (hunting and overfishing), invasive species, climate change, and nitrogen pollution are the main modern causes of extinction.
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which of the following is amphiprotic? select the correct answer below: hs− h3po4 po3−4 cn−
Out of the given options b.[tex]h2po4[/tex] is an amphiprotic
Amphiprotic entities are molecules or ions that, depending on the situation, can either give or take a proton. A material that can take and give a proton (H+ ion) is said to be amphiprotic. The dihydrogen phosphate ion, or [tex]h2po4-[/tex], is one of the available possibilities and is amphiprotic because it has the ability to function as both an acid and a base.
The phosphate ion ([tex]po3-4[/tex]) can be created when the dihydrogen phosphate ion contributes a proton. It serves as a basis in this instance. Phosphoric acid ([tex]h3po4[/tex]) can be created when the dihydrogen phosphate ion takes a proton. It serves as an acid in this situation.
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Complete Question:
which of the following is amphiprotic? select the correct answer below:
a. hs−
b. h2po4
c. po3−
d. 4 cn−
Which is NOT an example of a natural environmental change?
A. a beaver dam
B. a hurricane
C. a volcanic eruption
D. a housing development
(Plz answer quick)
3. In the image, which letter represents the enzyme?
a. Letter A
b. Letter B
c. Letter C
d. Letter D
Answer: The answer is C
Explanation:
The correct option is, (c) Letter C.
What is the enzyme?Proteins called enzymes assist our bodies' chemical reactions move forward more quickly. For several processes, including digestion and liver function, enzymes are crucial. Health issues might result from having too much or too little of a specific enzyme. Healthcare professionals can also use the enzymes in our blood to look for injuries and illnesses.How do you classify enzymes?According to the sort of process they catalyze, enzymes are divided into six categories:
Oxidoreductases. Transferases.Hydrolases.Lyases.Ligases.Isomerases.What are the 7 enzymes?Depending on the type of reaction they catalyze, enzymes can be divided into seven different types. These groups include hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, translocases, oxidoreductases, transferases, and hydrolases.What is enzyme structure?Proteins called enzymes are made up of amino acids connected by one or more polypeptide chains. The fundamental structure of a polypeptide chain refers to this arrangement of amino acids. This in turn dictates the enzyme's three-dimensional structure, including the active site's shape.Learn more about enzyme here:
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___________________1. When acted upon by an unbalanced force, an object at rest will do what? ___________________ 2. What equation allows you to calculate Newton’s Second Law of Motion? 3. Newton’s Second Law of Motion shows a relationship between _________________, _______________________ and ________________________. 4. Force is measured in a unit called _____________________. FILL IN THE BLANKS PLEASE!!!
Answer:
1. stay at rest
2. F = ma, or force is equal to mass times acceleration.
3.?
4.Kilogram-force: kgf
Explanation:
your welcome
1.Based on the Wolves of Yellowstone video you watched, briefly explain how did the wolves change a river? How was this video used to illustrate interrelatedness in environmental science.
2. We looked at three different approaches based on perspectives towards nature in our discussion of environmental ethics in class. Compare and contrast preservation and conservation.
5. Compare and contrast commensalism and amensalism. Make sure to give example of each.
8. You were asked to explore six ecosystems in Section 1 of your group assignment #3. You may also have heard the presentations made by your classmates on some of these ecosystems. For question #8, #9 and #10 in this exam, please choose three different ecosystems and answer the following: What are the ranges, abiotic conditions and biotic conditions of one of the 3 ecosystems you chose? What makes this ecosystem unique? What ecological concepts were exemplified in this ecosystem?
9. What are the ranges, abiotic conditions and biotic conditions of the second ecosystem you chose? What makes this ecosystem unique?What ecological concepts were exemplified in this ecosystem?
10. What are the ranges, abiotic conditions and biotic conditions of the third ecosystem you chose? What makes this ecosystem unique?What ecological concepts were exemplified in this ecosystem?
11. List the land use proposals covered by your class. For each of these proposals, provide ONE strong argument presented by the group that supports why the proposal is a good use of the land (advantage of the proposal) and provide another ONE strong argument that is against the proposal (disadvantage of the proposal). Please elaborate on your answers to receive full points.
12. If it was up to you and you alone, which land use proposal would you vote as the best use of the land? Please elaborate on your answers to receive full points.
With regard to the Yellowstone park documentary, we know that wolves reintroduced in Yellowstone altered the river's ecosystem by controlling elk population.
Preservation and conservation differ in their focus on protecting nature and sustainable resource use.
Commensalism benefits one species, amensalism harms one.
Coral reefs, rainforests, and deserts exemplify unique characteristics and ecological concepts.
Land use proposals vary in advantages and disadvantages, but establishing a national park is favored for conservation.
What is the explanation for these?1 )Wolves reintroduced in Yellowstone changed the river by controlling elk population, allowing vegetation to grow, stabilizing banks, and attracting more species. Illustrates ecological interconnectedness.
2) Preservation emphasizes protecting nature in its pristine state, while conservation focuses on sustainable use of resources.
3) Commensalism is a relationship where one species benefits while the other is unaffected, like barnacles on a whale. Amensalism is when one species is harmed while the other is unaffected, like a tree shading grass.
4) The chosen ecosystem is a coral reef. It has a warm temperature, high salinity, and diverse marine life. Unique for its symbiotic relationships and ecological services.
5) The chosen ecosystem is a tropical rainforest. It has a high biodiversity, warm and humid conditions, and a complex food web. Unique for its dense vegetation and nutrient cycling.
6) The chosen ecosystem is a desert. It has low precipitation, extreme temperatures, and adapted desert plants and animals. Unique for its water conservation strategies and reliance on limited resources.
7)Land use proposals: 1) Urban development - Adv: Economic growth. Disadv: Habitat loss. 2) National park - Adv: Conservation. Disadv: Limited land use. 3) Agriculture - Adv: Food production. Disadv: Soil degradation.
8) Personally, I would vote for the establishment of a national park due to its long-term conservation benefits and preservation of natural habitats.
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which factor contributes to climate change the most
what is one cause for the 21,000 protein encoding sequences in the human genome producing between 200,000 and 1 million different proteins?
One reason why the 21,000 protein encoding genes in the human genome can produce between 200,000 and 1 million different proteins is due to alternative splicing.
The 21,000 protein-encoding genes present in the human genome have the potential to generate between 200,000 and 1 million different proteins, despite the fact that the number of protein-encoding genes is significantly less than the number of proteins produced. Alternative splicing is one mechanism that contributes to the generation of a large number of proteins from a limited number of genes.
Alternative splicing is a process that allows for the creation of multiple different proteins from a single gene. This process occurs when different regions of a gene's RNA molecule are spliced together in different ways, resulting in different protein isoforms. This splicing process may occur in different ways, allowing for a high level of diversity in the resulting proteins.
The generation of different protein isoforms through alternative splicing is made possible by the fact that the human genome contains a large number of regulatory elements that influence gene expression and splicing patterns. Additionally, environmental factors can also contribute to the generation of different protein isoforms by altering the expression of genes or by modifying the splicing process.
Therefore, one reason why the 21,000 protein encoding genes in the human genome can produce between 200,000 and 1 million different proteins is due to alternative splicing.
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1.) what is the optimal pH for pepsin? where is pepsin found?
2.) what is the optimal pH for salivary amylase? what substrate does it act on? where is it found?
Answer: 1. The digestive power of pepsin is greatest at the acidity of normal gastric juice (pH 1.5–2.5). 1.0–2.0
The optimum pH for pepsin activity of 1.0–2.0 is maintained in the stomach by HCl. When the pH of the medium increases to values greater than 3.0, pepsin is almost completely inactivated. 2. The optimum pH for the enzymatic activity of salivary amylase ranges from 6 to 7. Above and below this range, the reaction rate reduces as enzymes get denatured. The enzyme salivary amylase is most active at pH 6.8. around 7
Salivary α‐amylase has a short‐lived action. In fact, it is swallowed with chewed food and subsequently inactivated by extremely low gastric pH; amylase in fact has an optimal pH around 7, and the pH of saliva is generally between 6.4 and 7.0.
Explanation:
How many sugar phospha te backbones are in one strand of DNA?
Answer: Two
Explanation: In double-stranded DNA, the molecular double-helix shape is formed by two linear sugar-phosphate backbones that run opposite each other and twist together in a helical shape. The sugar-phosphate backbone is negatively charged and hydrophilic, which allows the DNA backbone to form bonds with water.
A good conclusion restates the hypothesis so that the reader
Answer:
its b.
Explanation:
Answer:
The one you selected is correct
[Choice B] [Second Choice]
__________________________
A good conclusion restates the hypothesis so that the reader sees how the scientist applied the results to the hypothesis.
What type of dominance is it when traits are blended in offspring?
Codominant
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Recessive
Answer: codominant
Explanation:
A 52-year-old woman has difficulty initiating voluntary movements. She can clearly state what she intends to do, describe exactly how she would do it, and picture herself doing it easily. When she is able to begin the motion, she can complete it smoothly and accurately, but she has difficulty beginning the motion. If the difficulty arises from a defect in one particular area of the nervous system, which area is most likely to be involved
Answer:
Basal Ganglia
Explanation:
The Basal ganglia function is to regulate the voluntary movements or autonomic movement. This is done by receiving and transmission of impulses. Impulses are received for upcoming movement from the cerebral cortex and then process and adjust from where it is convey to the thalamus which then relays this information back to the cortex. The well defined movement instruction is finally sent to the skeletal muscles through the tracts of the pyramidal motor system. It also function in planning and modulation of movement, memory and eye movement.
There are five types of basal ganglia corpus striatum, claustrum, amygdala, substantia nigra and subthalamic sails which all function together.
Question 6 12 pts Match the following regions of the world or mountain ranges with the corresponding mountain building process that is active today in that area. Appalachians [Choose ] Volcanic activity continued uplift due to Isostacy Crustal tensional stress and normal faulting Collision between two continental plates Cascades Basin and Range [Choose ] Alps [ Choose ]
Appalachians: Crustal tensional stress and normal faulting
Basin and Range: Crustal tensional stress and normal faulting
Alps: Collision between two continental plates
Explanation to the above given short answers are written below,
The Appalachian Mountains are primarily the result of crustal tensional stress and normal faulting. This mountain range was formed through the rifting and subsequent separation of the North American and African plates, leading to the formation of a divergent boundary.
The tensional stress caused the crust to stretch and fracture, resulting in normal faulting and the uplift of the Appalachian Mountains.
The Basin and Range region is characterized by crustal tensional stress and normal faulting as well. It is located in the western United States and is the result of ongoing extensional forces that have caused the crust to stretch and create a series of mountain ranges and valleys.
This region is known for its fault-block mountains and elongated basins.
The Alps, on the other hand, were formed by the collision between two continental plates: the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate. This collision resulted in intense compression and folding of the Earth's crust, leading to the uplift of the Alps.
The process of convergence between the two plates continues today, causing ongoing mountain building and uplift in the region.
It's important to note that volcanic activity and continued uplift due to isostasy are not associated with the Appalachians, Basin and Range, or the Alps. Volcanic activity is more commonly associated with other mountain ranges such as the Andes or the Cascade Range.
Isostasy refers to the balance of buoyancy between Earth's lithosphere and asthenosphere and does not directly relate to ongoing mountain building processes.
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true/false. the sirt3 protien has been reported to increase the growth of certain types of cancer cells. reserachers studying the metabolism and development of stomach cancer cells ivestigatef
True. The SIRT3 protein has indeed been reported to increase the growth of certain types of cancer cells. Researchers studying the metabolism and development of stomach cancer cells have investigated the role of SIRT3 in cancer progression.
SIRT3 is a member of the sirtuin family of proteins, which are involved in regulating cellular processes such as metabolism, DNA repair, and cell survival. SIRT3, specifically, is found predominantly in mitochondria and is known for its role in regulating cellular energy metabolism. In the context of cancer, studies have shown that elevated levels of SIRT3 can promote the growth and survival of cancer cells. It has been implicated in various types of cancer, including stomach cancer. Researchers have investigated the molecular mechanisms by which SIRT3 promotes cancer cell growth, including its involvement in metabolic reprogramming and resistance to cell death. By understanding the role of SIRT3 in cancer development, researchers hope to identify potential therapeutic targets and develop strategies to inhibit its activity. This could potentially lead to the development of novel treatments for cancers, including stomach cancer, that are dependent on SIRT3-mediated pathways for their growth and survival.
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Where there is a lack of prostatic fluid, all of the following chemicals are decreased in the semen except
A. Alpha-glucosidase
B. Zinc
C. Citrate
D. Acid phosphatase
Where there is a lack of prostatic fluid, all of the following chemicals are decreased in the semen except D, acid phosphatase.
This is due to the fact that prostatic fluid accounts for around 30% of semen volume and has an acid pH of 6.5 to 7. This is because acid phosphatase is generated by both the prostate gland and the epididymis and is secreted by the prostate gland in semen.Acids phosphatase has its optimum activity at pH 5.5, so it is a marker for prostate gland function.
It is essential in the diagnosis and evaluation of prostate cancer, as well as determining the stage and management of the illness. It is also utilized to distinguish between seminal and non-seminal stains in forensic medicine. In summary, the answer to the question is D, acid phosphatase, is not chemicals that decreased in the semen where there is a lack of prostatic fluid.
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identify the function of the nucleus. what is the funtion of the nucleus. please explain
Creating RNA from DNA
that's some cool stuffffp
What is used to protect your eyes in a laboratory?
A. Goggles
B. Gloves
C. An apron
D. A sink
Answer:
A. Goggles
Goggles are used to protect your eyes
Which of the following contribute to dirty air?
Select three options.
• photosynthesis
• fossil fuels
• smoking
• mold
• respiration
Answer:
Fossil Fuels, smoking, mold
Explanation:
Answer: Fossil Fuels, smoking, mold
Explanation: On Edge!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
amino acids can be synthesized by reductive amination.
draw the structure of the organic compound that you would use to synthesize valine.
• You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • Draw the molecule with ionizable groups in their uncharged form. • In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one.
Alanine can be synthesized by reductive amination of pyruvaldehyde with ammonia, amino acids or an amine in the presence of a reducing agent.
To blend alanine by reductive amination, we would begin with an aldehyde or ketone forerunner and respond it with smelling salts or an amine within the sight of a lessening specialist, for example, sodium cyanoborohydride. For this situation, we will utilize the aldehyde antecedent, pyruvaldehyde.
The design of pyruvaldehyde is as per the following:
O
||
HC=CHC=O
To incorporate alanine, we would respond pyruvaldehyde with smelling salts or an amine and lessen it utilizing a diminishing specialist. The subsequent compound would be:
O
||
HC=CH[tex]CH_{2}[/tex][tex]NH_{2}[/tex]
This construction addresses alanine, an amino corrosive with a side chain comprising of a methyl bunch (-[tex]CH_{3}[/tex]) joined to the alpha carbon.
Continuing on toward the subsequent part, the peptide CF would comprise of the amino corrosive cysteine (Cys) trailed by phenylalanine (Phe) in the peptide succession. The design of the peptide CF would be:
H
| |
[tex]NH_{2}[/tex] C-[tex]CH_{2}[/tex] S-[tex]CH_{2}[/tex]-[tex]C_{6} H_{5}[/tex]
|
OH
This construction addresses the peptide CF, where Cys is associated with Phe through a peptide bond. The side chains of cysteine and phenylalanine are likewise shown, with cysteine containing a thiol bunch (-SH) and phenylalanine having a phenyl bunch (-[tex]C_{6} H_{5}[/tex]). The peptide bond is shaped between the carboxyl gathering (-COOH) of Cys and the amino gathering (-[tex]NH_{2}[/tex]) of Phe.
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The complete question is:
Amino acids can be synthesized by reductive amination. Draw the structure of the organic compound that you would use to synthesize alanine. • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • Draw the molecule with ionizable groups in their uncharged form. • In cases where there is more than one answer, just draw one. Draw the structure for the peptide CF. • You do not have to consider stereochemistry. • You do not have to explicitly draw H atoms. • Do not include lone pairs in your answer. They will not be considered in the grading. • Draw acidic and basic groups in their predominant forms at pH 7.
If a cell's surface area-to-volume ratio increased from 3:1 to 4:1, what impact would that have on the transport of materials across the cell membrane? It would be unchanged Transport would increase Transport would decrease None of the above
Answer:
The answer to this question is Transport would increase.
Explanation:
The transport would just increase.
In the given area-to-volume ratio, the transport would increase across the cell membrane. The correct option is B.
What is area-to-volume ratio?The surface area to volume ratio is merely the surface area divided by the volume of an entity. It calculates the surface area per unit volume of the object.
The crucial fact is that as the cell size increases, the surface to volume ratio decreases.
If the cell expands beyond a certain size, not really enough material can cross the membrane quickly enough to cater the increased cellular volume.
The surface area divided by the volume is the ratio. This suggests how much surface area is accessible in relation to the size of the cell.
The cell is very large if the surface area to volume ratio is small. If the ratio is large, the surface area exceeds the volume the cell will be small.
Thus, the correct option is B.
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Unicellular organisms are able to survive on their own because they have structures that have what important characteristic?
Answer:
A unicellular organisms depends upon its one cell for all the functions and survival of the organism. It has all the important characteristics that is necessary for its survival.
Explanation:
A unicellular organism is one which contains only one cell. And so all the life processes occurs in that one particular cell in an unicellular organism. A n unicellular organism is also called as the single cell organism.
The unicellular organisms uses cilia as well as the flagella to achieve locomotion by creating currents around and move about places. The take up nutrients by diffusion process. They reproduce asexually and produce their offspring.
What can you infer about tsunamis from their Japanese name
☁️ Answer ☁️
1. Harbor, They do a lot of damage to harbors.
2. "Tsunamis (as their Japanese name Òharbor waveÓ implies) often reflect back and forth within a harbor, sort of Òsloshing around,Ó like waves in a bathtub. Therefore, perhaps the vertical ÒsquigglesÓ are crests & troughs associated with this tsunami reflection within the harbor."
Hope it helps.
Have a nice day noona/hyung.
List 2 organisms that are NOT plants that have the ability to do photosynthesis.
Answer:
- The Green Sea Slug
- Pea Aphids
Please help me!!!! 40 points
Down syndrome is an example of __________, and the person is __________ for chromosome 21.
Group of answer choices:
a. aneuploidy; trisomic
b. polyploidy; trisomic
c. aneuploidy; monosomic
d. polyploidy; monosomic
Answer:
A. aneuploidy; trisomic
Explanation:
Aneuploidy means having more numbers of chromosomes than usual while polyploidy means having an abnormal number of chromosome sets. Down syndrome is a trisomy on chromosome 21 meaning there are 3 chromosomes for chromosome set 21.
Answer:
A. aneuploidy; trisomic
Explanation:
Down syndrome is probably the most common example of a chromosomal aneuploidy. It is trisomic because an extra copy of Chromosome 21 is made, also known as Trisomy 21.
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Which part of the female reproductive system is highlighted below?
A. Fallopian tube
B. Ovary
C. Uterus
D. Cervix
Answer:
It's B Ovary
Explanation:
sorry if im wrong
Answer:
ovary because it is an reproductive system in highlighted below
In 2019, the United Nations assembled a team of scientists to conduct the biggest ever study of
A
life on Earth.
B
space tourism.
с
genetic diversity
D
human ancestors.
Answer:
A
Explanation:
At a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork: 3' C CTA G G C T G C AAT C C 5 ' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. Which of the following represents the primer sequence? 1) 5′GCCTAGG3′ 2) 3′GCCTAGG5′ 3) 5′ACGTTAGG3′< !--[if gte mso 9]> 4) 5′ACGUUAGG3′ 5) 5′GCCUAGG3′
The primer sequence would be 3) 5′ACGUUAGG3′.
The RNA primer is formed on the 3' to 5' template strand because the polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of the RNA primer and builds the new strand in a 5' to 3' direction. The DNA strand is antiparallel, meaning the 5' end of one strand is opposite the 3' end of the complementary strand. Therefore, the DNA strand that the RNA primer attaches to must be read in the opposite direction.The primer sequence for the given DNA strand 3' C CTA G G C T G C AAT C C 5 ' would be 5′ACGUUAGG3′. The other options are not correct : 5′GCCTAGG3′ is the complementary sequence for the DNA sequence on the template strand. 3′GCCTAGG5′ is the same sequence as the DNA sequence on the template strand but written in the opposite direction.5′ACGTTAGG3′ is formed if the primer starts at the second T instead of the first T. 5′GCCUAGG3′ is the same sequence as the DNA sequence on the template strand but written in the opposite direction.
Hence, at a specific area of a chromosome, the sequence of nucleotides below is present where the chain opens to form a replication fork : 3' C CTA G G C T G C AAT C C 5 ' An RNA primer is formed starting at the underlined T (T) of the template. The primer sequence would be 3) 5′ACGUUAGG3′.
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