The return on the market value of equity is calculated as follows: $8/710 divided by the average number of shares outstanding (100).
2018 ratio calculations:
1) Net income divided by equity multiplied by 100 is return on equity.
$170/$1,780 multiplied by 100 equals 9% return on equity.
What is equity?The return on the market value of equity is calculated as follows: $8/710 divided by the average number of shares outstanding (100).
Earnings per share equals net income divided by the typical number of shares outstanding, which is $170/710, or $0.24.
Return on Equity: The return on equity measures an organization's financial performance and assesses how well management uses its resources to generate profits.
Return on equity market value: This gauges the profit yield on the market capitalization of stocks. The intrinsic value of a stock is calculated by dividing the share price by the total number of outstanding shares. The market capitalisation is another name for it.
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Dwyer Company reported the following results for the year ended December 31, 2007, its first year of operations: 2007 Income (per books before income taxes) $ 1,500,000 Taxable income 2,400,000 The disparity between book income and taxable income is attributable to a temporary difference which will reverse in 2008. What should Dwyer record as a net deferred tax asset or liability for the year ended December 31, 2007, assuming that the enacted tax rates in effect are 40% in 2007 and 35% in 2008?
Answer: $315,000 deferred tax asset
Explanation:
The amount that Dwyer should record as a net deferred tax asset or liability for the year ended December 31, 2007 will be calculated thus:
= ($2400000 – $1500000) × 35%
= $900000 × 35%
= $900000 × 35/100
= $900000 × 0.35
= $315000.
Therefore, the answer is $315,000 deferred tax asset
why do private and public sector cannot br looked up as two separate entities
Answer:
The private sector and the public sector cannot be viewed as separate entities because the two of them are closely intertwined.
Explanation:
The public sector defines the rules and conditions under which the private sector develops, and the private sector contributes to the finances of the private sector.
For example, a regulatory agency in an economic sector sets the rules of the mining economic sector in a country, and private mining companies abide by these rules in order to develop their business activity. Part of the revenue earned from these business activities are taken as taxes by the public sector, in order to finance the regulatory agency.
Sometimes, the public sector can also consists in public companies that can work together with private firms in common projects.
Crossroad Corporation is trying to decide whether to invest to automate a production line. If the project is accepted, labor costs will decrease by $753,000 per year. However, other cash operating expenses will increase by $216,000 per year. The equipment will cost $105,000 and is depreciable over 9 years using simplified straight line to a zero salvage value. Crossroad will invest $24,000 in net working capital at installation. The firm has a marginal tax rate of 34%. Calculate the firm's annual cash flows associated with the new project.
Answer:
The incremental revenue the company gets is:
= Labor cost decrease - Other cash increase
= 753,000 - 216,000
= $537,000
Depreciation = 105,000/ 9
= $11,667
Annual Cashflows (Year 1 - 9)
= (Incremental revenue - Depreciation) * ( 1 - tax) + Depreciation
= (537,000 - 11,667) * (1 - 34%) + 11,667
= $358,386.78
Cashflow in year 0
= Cost of equipment + Investment in net working capital
= -105,000 - 24,000
= -$129,000
Fill in the missing numbers for the following income statement. (Input all amounts as positive values. Do not round intermediate calculations.)
Sales Costs Depreciation EBIT Taxes (22%) Net income 747,300 582,600 89,300
a. Calculate the OCF. (Do not round intermediate calculations.)
b. What is the depreciation tax shield? (Do not round intermediate calculations.)
a. OCF
b. Depreciation tax shield
Answer: See explanation
Explanation:
Sales = 747300
Less: Costs = 582600
Less: Depreciation = 89300
EBIT = 75400
Less: Taxes at 22% = 22% × 75400 = 16588
Net income = EBIT - Taxes = 75400 - 16588 = 58812
a. Calculate the OCF.
OCF will be calculated as:
= Net income + Depreciation
= 58812 + 89300
= 148,112
b. What is the depreciation tax shield?
Depreciation tax shield will be:
= Depreciation × Tax rate
= 89300 × 22%
= 89300 × 0.22
= 19646
Assets Liabilities and Equity Current assets: Current liabilities: Cash $ 60 Accounts payable $ 240 Accounts receivable (net) 170 Other current liabilities 80 Notes receivable 50 Total current liabilities 320 Inventory 200 Long-term liabilities 110 Prepaid expenses 25 Total liabilities 430 Total current assets 505 Shareholders' equity: Equipment (net) 255 Common stock 150 Retained earnings 180 Total shareholders' equity 330 Total assets $ 760 Total liabilities and equity $ 760 The current ratio is (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.):
Answer:
the current ratio is 1.58 times
Explanation:
The computation of the current ratio is shown below:
As we know that
Current ratio = Current assets ÷ current liabilities
= $505 ÷ $320
= 1.58 times
By dividing the current assets from the current liabilities we can get the current ratio
hence, the current ratio is 1.58 times
It is used for analyzing the liquidating position of the company
Transic Corporation has the following financial data for 2016 and 2017. 2017 2016 ASSETS Current Assets: Cash $ 48,000 $ 14,000 Marketable Securities 9,000 13,000 Accounts Receivable 35,000 24,000 Other Current Assets 15,000 18,000 Total Current Assets 107,000 69,000 Fixed Assets (net) 140,000 130,000 Total Assets $247,000 $199,000 LIABILITIES Current Liabilities $ 72,000 $ 52,000 Long-term Liabilities 50,000 37,000 Total Liabilities $122,000 $ 89,000 Total Stockholders' Equity $125,000 $110,000 Total Liabilities And Stockholders' Equity $247,000 $199,000 What is Transic's current ratio for 2017
Answer:
1.49
Explanation:
Calculation to determine Transic's current ratio for 2017
Using this formula
2017 Current ratio=2017 Total Current Assets /2017 Current Liabilities
Let plug in the formula
2017 Current ratio=$107,000/$ 72,000
2017 Current ratio=1.486
2017 Current ratio=1.49 (Approximately)
Therefore Transic's current ratio for 2017 is 1.49
Pet Supplies Inc., a pet wholesale supplier, was organized on January 1. Projected sales for each of the first three months of operations are as follows: January $310,000 February 350,000 March 510,000 All sales are on account. 58% of sales are expected to be collected in the month of the sale, 37% in the month following the sale, and the remainder in the second month following the sale. Prepare a schedule indicating cash collections from sales for January, February, and March.
Answer:
Results are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Sales:
January $310,000
February 350,000
March 510,000
58% of sales are expected to be collected in the month of the sale
37% in the month following the sale
5% in the second month following the sale
Cash collection January:
Cash from sales in account January= (310,000*0.58)= 179,800
Total cash collection= $179,800
Cash collection February:
Cash from sales in account January= (310,000*0.37)= 114,700
Cash from sales in account February= (350,000*0.58)= 203,000
Total cash collection= $317,700
Cash collection March:
Cash from sales in account January= (310,000*0.05)= 15,500
Cash from sales in account February= (350,000*0.37)= 129,500
Cash from sales in account March= (510,000*0.58)= 295,800
Total cash collection= $440,800
On October 1, 2021, Blue Corp. issued $744,000, 7%, 10-year bonds at face value. The bonds were dated October 1, 2021, and pay interest annually on October 1. Financial statements are prepared annually on December 31. (a) Prepare the journal entry to record the issuance of the bonds. (Credit account titles are automatically indented when amount is entered. Do not indent manually.) Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit Oct. 1, 2021 enter an account title for the journal entry on October 1, 2021enter an account title for the journal entry on October 1, 2021 enter a debit amountenter a debit amount enter a credit amountenter a credit amount enter an account title for the journal entry on October 1, 2021enter an account title for the journal entry on October 1, 2021 enter a debit amountenter a debit amount enter a credit amountenter a credit amount
Answer:
Blue Corp.
Journal Entry
Date Account Titles and Explanation Debit Credit
Oct. 1, 2021 Cash $744,000
Bonds Liability $744,000
To record the issuance of the 7%, 10-year bonds at face value.
Explanation:
a) Data and Analysis:
Face value of 7%, 10-year bonds = $744,000
Bonds issue = at face value
Issue date = October 1, 2021
Interest payment = annual
Interest payment date = October 1
Annual interest payment = $52,080 ($744,000 * 7%)
Records on December 31, 2021:
Accrual of interest for the year:
Interest Expense $13,020
Interest payable $13,020
To accrue interest for 3 months.
Records on October 1, 2022:
Interest Expense $39,060
Interest payable $13,020
Cash $52,080
To record the interest payment.
A machine costing $450,000 with a four-year life and an estimated $30,000 salvage value is installed by Lux Company on January 1. The factory estimates the machine will produce 1,050,000 units of product during its life. It actually produces the following units for the first 2 years: year 1, 260,000; year 2, 275,000. What is the depreciation amount for year 2 under the double declining balance method
Answer:
$112,500
Explanation:
Depreciation expense using the double declining method = Depreciation factor x cost of the asset
Depreciation factor = 2 x (1/useful life)
Depreciation expense in year 1 = 2/4 x $450,000 = $225,000
Book value at the beginning of year 2 = $450,000 - $225,000 = $225,000
Depreciation expense in year 2 = 2/4 x $225,000 = $112,500
Brainstorming helps coworkers
feel respected
free to share their voice
all the answers are helpful in brainstorming
try out new ideas for validity
Answer:
free to share their voice
Explanation:
Brainstorming helps coworkers "free to share their voice."
This is because Brainstorming is an act in which people or coworkers or employees come together to share varying thoughts, ideas, and opinions about a particular topic or issue to solve the problem involved.
It is an informal way of getting ideas to solve issues.
Advanced Enterprises reports year−end information from 2019 as follows: Sales (160,250 units) $969,000 Cost of goods sold (641,000) Gross margin 328,000 Operating expenses (268,000) Operating income $60,000 Advanced is developing the 2020 budget. In 2020 the company would like to increase selling prices by 13.5%, and as a result expects a decrease in sales volume of 10%. All other operating expenses are expected to remain constant. Assume that cost of goods sold is a variable cost and that operating expenses are a fixed cost. What is budgeted cost of goods sold
Answer:
Cost of goods sold = $576,900
Explanation:
The budgeted cost of goods sold will be the sales volume in 2020 multiplied by cost per unit .
Sales volume in year 2020= (100-10)% × sales figure for 2019
= 90% × 160,250= 144,225
Cost of goods sold per unit = cost of goods sold in 2019/Sales units in 2019
= 641,000/160250=$4
Cost of goods sold = $4× 144,225 = $576,900
Cost of goods sold = $576,900
A general rule in contract law is that for a promise to be enforce by a court, there must be
Answer:
a written agreement
Explanation:
A contract is a form of a written agreement.
A general rule in contract law is that for a promise to be enforced by a court, there must be a written agreement. Thus option D is appropriate.
What is a Law?A law is referred to as a set of rules and regulations, guidelines given in the constitution and implemented by the ruling government to maintain cordial relationships among people and helps to conduct the functioning of any country properly.
A contract is referred to as a written agreement that is enforceable by the law and has mutual consent of both the contract where all the features of a valid contract are fulfilled.
The feature of a valid contract is that there must be two-party having mutual consent to participate in the agreement in exchange for something in return with lawful consideration.
Therefore, option D is appropriate.
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A firm's sustainable growth rate represents the:
percentage change in sales times the profit margin.
possible growth without jeopardizing net working capital.
highest growth rate without decreasing the dividend.
highest growth rate without increasing financial leverage.
What is the sustainable growth rate for a firm with net income of $2.90 million, cash dividends of $1.90 million, and return on equity of 16%? (Do not round intermediate calculations.)
a. 9.12%
b. 1.32%
c. 5.52%
d. 3.72%
Answer:
1. A firm's sustainable growth rate represents the:
highest growth rate without increasing financial leverage.
2. The sustainable growth rate of a firm with net income of $2.90 million, cash dividends of $1.90 million, and return on equity of 16% is:
= c. 5.52%
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Sustainable growth rate = Return on equity * Retention rate
Net income = $2.90 million
Cash dividends 1.90 million
Retained earnings = $1.0 million
Retention rate = $1.0/$2.90 * 100 = 34.48%
Return on equity = 16%
Therefore, the sustainable growth rate = 16% * 34.48%
= 5.5168%
= 5.52%
b) Sustainable growth rate is the rate of revenue growth, which an entity can attain without increasing its financial leverage (debts). The sustainable growth rate answers the question of how much a company can grow without additional equity or debt financing. It is a ratio that investment analysts and investors widely seek. There are four main ways of increasing an entity's sustainable growth rate, including sale of debt, issue of equity, increased profitability through efficient sales revenue, and reduced dividends payout to increase retained earnings.
Duo, Inc., carries two products and has the following year-end income statement (000s omitted): Product AR-10 Product ZR-7 Budget Actual Budget Actual Units 3,600 5,000 9,200 8,600 Sales $ $ 10,800 $ 13,500 $ 18,400 $ 18,060 Variable costs 2,880 5,000 9,200 9,030 Fixed Costs 1,800 1,900 2,400 2,400 Total Costs $ 4,680 $ 6,900 $ 11,600 $ 11,430 Operating income $ 6,120 $ 6,600 $ 6,800 $ 6,630 The net effect of AR-10's sales volume variance on profit is:
Answer:
Sales volume variance $2,380 favorable. The net effect on profit of AR-10's sales is that it will increase profit by $2,380
Explanation:
The sales volume variance is calculated as the difference between the budgeted and the actual sales volume multiplied by he standard profit per unit
Standard profit per unit = 6,120/3,600=$1.7
Unit
Budgeted sales units 3,600
Actual sales units 5,000
Sales volume 1,400
Standard profit per unit × $1.7
Sales volume variance 2,380 Favorable
Sales volume variance $2,380 favorable
The net effect on profit of AR-10's sales is that it will increase profit by $2,380
example of small scale business
A firm has the following production relationship between labor and output, for a fixed capital stock.
Libor
0
1
Output
0
5
2
3
4
5
19
23
26
According to the above table saatis the average product of labor when three laborers are employed?
03
Answer:
12 i think but what are the answer choices.
Explanation:
I don't know what write here.
Answer:
a question
Explanation:
Hsung Company accumulates the following data concerning a proposed capital investment: cash cost $226,445, net annual cash flows $40,500, and present value factor of cash inflows for 10 years is 5.89 (rounded). (If the net present value is negative, use either a negative sign preceding the number eg -45 or parentheses eg (45).) Determine the net present value, and indicate whether the investment should be made.
Answer:
Hsung Company
a. The net present value is:
= $12,100.
b. Since the investment could yield a net present value of $12,100, the investment should be made.
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Cash cost of proposed capital investment = $226,445
Net annual cash inflows = $40,500
Present value factor of cash inflows for 10 years = 5.89 (rounded)
Present value of net annual cash inflows = $238,545 ($40,500 * 5.89)
The net present value of the proposed capital project = Present value of net annual cash inflows minus the initial investment cost
= $12,100 ($238,545 - $226,445)
Answer:
12100
Explanation:
40500*5.89=238545
238545-226445=12100
12100
what is the role of education to become a manager ?
Answer:
There are several ways to become a Business Manager, but most organisations require a minimum of a bachelor's degree in business management.
These are usually 3-year courses covering topics such as management theory and practice, budgeting and planning, leadership skills and organisational behaviour.
1 points Time Remaining 1 hour 14 minutes 35 seconds01:14:35 eBookPrintReferencesCheck my workCheck My Work button is now enabledItem 13 Time Remaining 1 hour 14 minutes 35 seconds01:14:35 Alice is single and self-employed in 2020. Her net business profit on her Schedule C for the year is $196,000. What is her self-employment tax liability and additional Medicare tax liability for 2020
Answer:
Self employment tax liability = $22,323.97Additional Medicare tax liability = $0Explanation:
According to the IRS, the amount subject to self-employment tax is 92.35% of net income from self-employment for the year.
Alice's taxable income is:
= 92.35% * 196,000
= $181,006
Self employment tax-liability:
Social security tax for 2020 is 12.4% for the first $137,700 of income.
= 12.4% * 137,700
= $17,074.80
Medicare tax:
= 2.9% on taxable income
= 2.9% * 181,006
= $5,249.17
Self-employment tax is:
= 17,074.80 + 5,249.17
= $22,323.97
Additional Medicare tax applies on only amounts above $200,000 so it is $0 in this case.
... is a systematic and planned introduction of employees to their jobs, their co-workers and the
organisation.
a. Job evaluation
b. Investiture orientation
c. Orientation
d. Placement
Answer:
c. orientation
Explanation:
The word orientation means finding out where something is supposed to be, and job orientation tells an employee everything important about their job,
P11-1A Tidal Corporation was organized on January 1, 2017. It is authorized to issue 20,000 shares of 6%, $50 par value preferred stock and 500,000 shares of no-par common stock with a stated value of $1 per share. The following stock transactions were completed during the first year: Jan. 10 Issued 70,000 shares of common stock for cash at $4 per share. Mar. 1 Issued 12,000 shares of preferred stock for cash at $53 per share. May 1 Issued 120,000 shares of common stock for cash at $6 per share. Sept. 1 Issued 5,000 shares of common stock for cash at $5 per share. Nov. 1 Issued 3,000 shares of preferred stock for cash at $56 per share. Instructions: Journalize the transactions.
Answer:
1. Jan. 10
Dr Cash $280,000
Cr Common Stock $70,000
Cr AdditionalPaid-in Capital-Common $210,000
Mar. 1
Dr Cash $636,000
Cr Preferred Stock $600,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Preferred $36,000
May 1
Dr Cash $720,000
Cr Common Stock $120,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Common $600,000
Sept. 1
Dr Cash $25,000
Cr Common Stock $5,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Common $20,000
Nov. 1
Dr Cash $168,000
Cr Preferred Stock $150,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Preferred $18,000
Explanation:
Preparation of the journal entries
1. Jan. 10
Dr Cash (70,000x$4) $280,000
Cr Common Stock (70,000x$1) $70,000
Cr AdditionalPaid-in Capital-Common $210,000
($280,000-$70,000)
Mar. 1
Dr Cash (12,000x$53) $636,000
Cr Preferred Stock (12,000x$50) $600,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Preferred $36,000
($636,000-$600,000)
May 1
Dr Cash (120,000x$6) $720,000
Cr Common Stock (120,000x$1) $120,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Common $600,000
($720,000-$600,000)
Sept. 1
Dr Cash (5,000x$5) $25,000
Cr Common Stock (5,000x$1) $5,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Common $20,000
($25,000-$5,000)
Nov. 1
Dr Cash (3,000x$56) $168,000
Cr Preferred Stock(3,000x$50) $150,000
Cr Additional Paid-in Capital-Preferred $18,000
($168,000-$150,000)
Members of Generation Z are most likely to influence? Furniture design. B) health and insurance. C) retirement plans. D) e-textbooks E) furniture design?
Answer:
e textbooks due to the fact internet and technological processes tend to be our motif
Explanation:
Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. A manufacturing company has budgeted production at 5,000 units for May and 4,400 units in June. Each unit requires 3 pounds of materials at a cost of $10 per pound. On May 1, there are 2,750 pounds of materials on hand. The company desires an ending inventory of 60% of the next month's materials requirements. The total cost of direct materials purchases for May will be $ .
Answer:
Direct material purchases in May = 21,670× $10= $216,700
Explanation:
Material purchase budget is determined by adding the closing inventory of material to the material usage budget less the opening inventory.
Material budgets for May will be prepared as follows:
Materials needed for May production = 5,500 × 3 = 16,500
Materials needed for June production = 4,400× 3= 13,200
Closing inventory of raw material in May =60% × June requirement = 60% × 13,200 =7,920
Material purchase budget for February = Usage budget + closing inventory - opening inventory
= 16,500 + 7,920- 2,750=21,670
Direct material purchases in May = 21,670× $10= $216,700
Texas Roadhouse opened a new restaurant in October. During its first three months of operation, the restaurant sold gift cards in various amounts totaling $1,800. The cards are redeemable for meals within one year of the purchase date. Gift cards totaling $728 were presented for redemption during the first three months of operation prior to year-end on December 31. The sales tax rate on restaurant sales is 4%, assessed at the time meals (not gift cards) are purchased. Texas Roadhouse will remit sales taxes in January.
Required:
a. Record (in summary form) the S3,500 in gift cards sold (keeping in mind that, in actuality, the firm would record each sale of a gift card individually).
b. Record the S728 in gift cards redeemed.
c. Determine the balance in the Deferred Revenue account (remaining liability for gift cards).
Answer:
General Journal Debit Credit
1 Cash 2600
Unearned revenue 2600
(To record gift cards sold)
2 Unearned revenue 832
Sales tax payable 32
Sales revenue 800
(To record gift cards redeemed)
4. Suppose the spot Yuan/dollar exchange rate is 6.79. Sue, a Chinese national, has 10,000 Yuan that she wants to invest in a U.S. asset that promises an annual interest of 7 percent. If the expected exchange rate (Yuan/dollar) after a year is 7.2, how much will Sue earn in Yuan
Answer:
Spot exchange rate (Yaun / Dollar) = 6.79 > Therefore, exchanging Yuan for Dollar: 10,000 Yuan.
Explanation:
Yuan/Dollar existing exchange rate is 6.79 Sue has 10,000 Yuan which is converted to 10,000 / 6.79
Sheila and Jim live in an island where they are the only two workers. Sheila can either catch 10 fish or gather 40 pounds of berries each day, and Jim can either catch 8 fish or gather 24 pounds of berries each day. Both of them work 200 days per year. At current world prices 1 fish trades for 3.5 pounds of berries. Who has the comparative advantage in producing berries
Answer:
SHEILA
Explanation:
A person has comparative advantage in production if it produces at a lower opportunity cost when compared to other people.
Sheila's opportunity cost in producing berries = 10/40 = 0.25
Jim's opportunity cost in producing berries = 8/24 = 0.33
Sheila has a lower opportunity cost in the production of berries and thus has a comparative advantage in the production of berries
Wallace Company provides the following data for next year: MonthBudgeted Sales January$ 120,000 February 108,000 March 132,000 April 144,000 The gross profit rate is 35 % of sales. Inventory at the end of December is $ 21,600 and target ending inventory level are 20 % of next month's sales, stated at cost. What is the amount of purchases budget for January
Answer:
$70440
Explanation:
Given data :
Month Budgeted sales
January $120,000
February $108,000
March $132,000
April $144,000
Gross profit rate = 35% of sales
Inventory at end of December = $21600
Target ending inventory level = 20% of next month sales
Determine the amount of purchases budget for January
First step : calculate
Cost of goods for January = Budgeted sales - Gross profit
= $120,000 - $42,000 = $78000
Next : determine ending inventory in January
= 20% * ( Budgeted sales in Feb * 65% )
= 20% * ($108000 * 65%) = $14040
Determine budgeted purchase using the Relation below
Cost of goods sold = Beginning inventory + Budgeted purchases - Ending inventory
78,000 = 21600 + Budgeted purchases - 14040
therefore
Budgeted purchases for January = ( 78,000 + 14040 - 21600 )
= $70440
For February, sales revenue is $700,000, sales commissions are 5% of sales, the sales manager's salary is $96,000, advertising expenses are $90,000, shipping expenses total 2% of sales, and miscellaneous selling expenses are $2,500 plus 1/2 of 1% of sales. Total selling expenses for the month of February area.$161,000b.$235,000c.$241,000d.$237,500
Answer:
C. $241,000
Explanation:
Sales commission = $35,000 (5% of $ 700,000)
Salary of sales manager = $96,000
Advertising expenses = $90,000
Shipping expenses = $14,000 (2% of $ 700,000)
Miscellaneous selling expenses = $6,000
($ 2,500 add 1/2 * 1% * $ 700,000)
Total = $241,000
A key difference between the APV, WACC, and FTE approaches to valuation is: how debt effects are considered; i.e. the target debt to value ratio and the level of debt. how the initial investment is treated. how the ratio of equity to debt is determined. how the unlevered cash flows are calculated. whether terminal values are included or not.
Answer: how debt effects are considered; i.e. the target debt to value ratio and the level of debt.
Explanation:
The Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) values a project by using a discount rate that encompasses all the costs of raising capital. It therefore includes the effects of debt financing in that rate.
Adjusted Present Value (APV) on the other hand, takes the net present value of a project assuming it was solely financed by equity and then adds the present value of the benefits of debt financing such as interest tax shields and costs of debt issuance. Debt is therefore not included in the model like WACC and so considers the effects of debt differently.