1. Early ideas about evolution:
Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Empedocles and Anaximander, proposed early ideas about the development and transformation of life forms.In the 18th century, naturalists like Jean-Baptiste Lamarck suggested theories of transmutation, proposing that species could change over time through the inheritance of acquired traits.2. Theories that influenced scientific debate over evolution:
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck's theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics proposed that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime could be passed on to the next generation.Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, outlined in his book "On the Origin of Species" (1859), suggested that favorable variations in organisms' heritable traits would increase their chances of survival and reproduction, leading to the gradual evolution of species over time.Gregor Mendel's work on inheritance and genetics in the 19th century provided a foundation for understanding how traits are passed on through generations.3. Major sources of evidence for evolution:
Fossil record: Fossils provide evidence of organisms that lived in the past and show the progression and changes in species over time.Comparative anatomy: Similarities and differences in anatomical structures across different species provide evidence of common ancestry and evolutionary relationships.Biogeography: The distribution of species around the world can be explained by evolutionary processes, such as continental drift and the movement of organisms across geographic barriers.Embryology: The study of the development of embryos reveals similarities in early stages among different species, suggesting a common ancestry.Molecular biology: Comparisons of DNA, proteins, and other molecules across different organisms provide evidence of shared genetic information and evolutionary relationships.4. Pattern of features revealing the history of a species:
Phylogenetic relationships: By comparing the characteristics of different species and constructing phylogenetic trees, scientists can infer the evolutionary history and relationships between species.Homologous structures: Similar structures found in different species, such as the forelimbs of vertebrates, suggest a common ancestry and shared evolutionary history.Vestigial structures: Rudimentary or non-functional structures in organisms that serve no purpose but have functional counterparts in other species provide evidence of shared ancestry and evolutionary change.Fossil record: Fossils reveal the succession of different species over time, showing patterns of extinction, appearance, and transformation.These concepts and lines of evidence collectively support the understanding of evolution and provide insights into the history and development of species over millions of years.
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For speciation to occur, does disruptive selection always have to be happening?
No, disruptive selection does not always have to be happening for speciation to occur.
Speciation refers to the formation of new species, which involves the evolution of reproductive isolation between populations.
While disruptive selection can contribute to speciation, there are other mechanisms that can also lead to the formation of new species.
Disruptive selection occurs when natural selection favors extreme phenotypes over intermediate phenotypes, leading to a divergence in the population.
This can create distinct ecological niches or habitats for different phenotypes, potentially driving speciation.
However, disruptive selection is just one of several processes that can contribute to reproductive isolation and speciation.
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please help asap (photosynthesis)
Answer:
ATP and NADPH
Explanation:
Photosynthesis starts out using the energy from sunlight to get things started, but it ends with the dark reactions, which don't need sunshine to complete sugar production. In the Calvin cycle, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used to produce sugars.
So, the correct option is, 'ATP and NADPH'.
An organism, like a plant, that can make its own food is called (choose all
that are correct)
A. a heterotroph.
B. an autotroph.
C. a producer
D. a decomposer.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Compute the age of a basalt rock sample from the Moon containing 6 grams of Uranium-235 (parent isotope) and 42 grams of Lead-207 (daughter isotope). This rock is from a complex crater flooded with lava. The half-life of Uranium-235 is 704 million years.
Answer:
Age of rock = 21112000000 years
Explanation:
The half-life of a radioactive material is the time taken for half the original material to decay or it is the time required for a quantity to reduce to half of its initial value.
The ratio of parent isotope, Uranium-235 to daughter isotope, Lead-207 = 6 : 42 = 1 : 7
This means that for every one gram of the parent isotope, there are 7 grams of the daughter isotope. So,the quantity of radioactive material left is one out of eight its original value.
Number of half-lives undergone for 1/8 of the original value to to remain is given below:
1/8 = 1/2 × 1/2 × 1/2
Therefore, number of half-lives = 3 half-lives
Age of rock = half-life of Uranium -235 × number of half-lives
The half-life of Uranium-235 is 704 million years = 704000000
Age of rock = 704000000 × 3
Age of rock = 21112000000 years
What three air masses affect Pennsylvania’s weather the most, what are their air mass symbols and where do they come from
Gene expression in all organisms depends on protein synthesis. What is the last stage of protein synthesis, in which amino acids are assembled by tRNA?
Answer:
Gene expression in all organisms depends on protein synthesis. What is the last stage in protein synthesis, in which amino acids are assembled by tRNA? translation. The steps in proteins synthesis are identical in all six organisms.
A trait that does not offer members of a population a great advantage will most likely
A. increase the reproductive rate in successive generations
B. decrease in frequency in successive generations
C. appear at the same frequency in successive generations
D. undergo a series of mutations in successive generations
A trait that does not offer members of a population a great advantage will most likely decrease in frequency in successive generations. Thus, option B is correct.
What is theory of natural selection?
According to Charles Darwin in his theory of natural selection, organisms must compete for scarce resources. Only the fittest can survive. The fittest are organisms that have undergone the required genetic changes that increases their chances of survival. They pass on these genetic changes to the next generation or offspring.
When availability of food decreases, organisms begin to change genetically as they struggle for scarce resources thereby leading to variation in a population. All organisms must compete for survival. Natural selection continues to occur even today.When organisms struggle to survive, they usually mutate to increase chances of reproduction.
Therefore, A trait that does not offer members of a population a great advantage will most likely decrease in frequency in successive generations. Thus, option B is correct.
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Which of the following is NOT an example of evidence that supports the theory of evolution?
A. common genetic ancestors among diverse species
B. fossil evidence suggesting ancient genetic ancestors
C. unnecessary or nonfunctional organs in modern species
D. fossils of the same species found diverse geographic locations
The statement that is not an example of evidence that supports the theory of evolution is fossils of the same species found in diverse geographic locations.
What do you mean by Evolution?Evolution may be defined as a gradual and continuous process that runs over many generations, during which species of animals, plants, or insects slowly change some of their physical characteristics.
Common genetic ancestors may be diverse into the number of other species due to the theory of evolution. Unnecessary or non-functional organs may be eliminated or shortened due to evolution.
Therefore, the statement that is not an example of evidence that supports the theory of evolution is fossils of the same species found in diverse geographic locations.
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A plant with small red flowers is crossed to a plant with large white flowers. The resulting F1 is comprised of 75 plants with small red flowers and 72 plants with small white flowers. If flower color and flower size are controlled by a single gene each, what can be concluded from these results? a. Flower color is controlled by a sex-linked gene. b. Red color and small size are dominant to white color and large size, respectively. c. Small size is dominant to large size, but we can't determine which color is dominant. d. We can't determine which color and which size are dominant. e. White color and small size are dominant to red color and large size.
From the given results, it can be concluded that red color and small size are dominant to white color and large size, respectively.
The F1 generation consists of 75 plants with small red flowers and 72 plants with small white flowers. This indicates that the traits for flower color and flower size segregate independently and are controlled by different genes. Since there is a presence of both red and white flowers in the F1 generation, with red being the dominant color, it can be inferred that red color is dominant over white color.
Similarly, since there is a presence of both small and large flowers in the F1 generation, with small being the dominant size, it can be concluded that small size is dominant over large size. Therefore, the correct answer is b. Red color and small size are dominant to white color and large size, respectively.
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which of the following is a slow process that changes earth's surface?
flooding
volcanic eruption
earthquake
wind erosion
Answer:
earthquake (i think)
Explanation:
After doing research on plants and fertilizers, a 5th grade science class states the hypothesis for their experiment; "If a plant receives fertilizer, then it will grow to be bigger than a plant that does not receive fertilizer." To test this hypothesis the students must ______________. A) make observations B) collect and record data C) determine and follow a procedure D) make observations, collect and record data, and determine and follow a procedure
Answer:
D
Explanation:
D is a combination of all three options above, and ALL those steps need to be done, so it is D.
If you are ever stuck on a problem and cannot receive help, usually the answer that is "all above" right, but not always.
drag the correct numbers into position to show mrs. h what will happen to her if she breathes half as deeply but twice as often.
Mrs. H's respiratory rate will increase and the oxygen concentration in her blood will decrease if she breathes half as deeply but twice as often. This will lead to respiratory distress and may even result in fainting.
Breathing is the exchange of air between the atmosphere and the lungs. This process is critical since it allows the body to take in oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide. The respiratory rate is the number of breaths taken in a minute. It can be affected by various factors such as exercise, anxiety, and illness. The volume of air inhaled and exhaled during each breath is known as respiratory ratevolume. When Mrs. H breathes half as deeply but twice as often, her respiratory rate will increase, while the tidal volume will decrease. This leads to respiratory distress since the oxygen concentration in her blood will decrease. As a result, the body may respond by hyperventilating, which can cause fainting if prolonged.
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PLEASE ANSWER GIVING BRAINLY
WHAT is direct counting
Answer:
Direct counting methods include microscopic counts using a hemocytometer or a counting chamber. The hemocytometer works by creating a volumetric grid divided into differently sized cubes for accurately counting the number of particles in a cube and calculating the concentration of the entire sample.
Explanation:
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a single cell green alga that can grow photoautotrophically in mineral medium or chemoheterotrophically in mineral medium supplemented with acetate. These low nutritional requirements and versatile energy metabolism equip it to grow in diverse environments, such as soil, freshwater, and seawater.
a. Design an experiment to compare the chemotrophic and phototrophic growth of C. reinhardtii using mineral medium. What culturing conditions (i.e. chemicals and light) will be needed for each?
b. Identify any controls you will need.
c. How many replicates would you need for each experimental group (treatment and controls)?
d. Draw a hypothetical graph of your results, illustrating growth in the photoautotrophic and chemoautotrophic cultures and the controls. The y-axis should be the OD-reading and the x-axis should be time.
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a unicellular green alga that belongs to the Chlorophyta division. It is widely used as a model organism for studying various biological processes, including photosynthesis, flagellar motility, and cellular responses to environmental changes.
a. Experiment to Compare Chemotrophic and Phototrophic Growth of C. reinhardtii:
1. Experimental Setup:
Prepare two groups of cultures: one for phototrophic growth and the other for chemotrophic growth.Use mineral medium as the base medium for both groups.2. Phototrophic Growth Conditions:
Culturing Medium: Prepare mineral medium without acetate supplementation.Lighting: Provide a controlled light source to simulate the appropriate light conditions for photosynthesis. Use a light intensity and photoperiod suitable for the growth of C. reinhardtii (e.g., 16 hours light/8 hours dark cycle).Temperature: Maintain the cultures at the optimal growth temperature for C. reinhardtii (typically around 25°C).Agitation: Gentle agitation or shaking may be necessary to ensure uniform light exposure and prevent sedimentation.3. Chemotrophic Growth Conditions:
Culturing Medium: Prepare mineral medium supplemented with an appropriate concentration of acetate.Lighting: Keep the cultures in constant darkness or provide very low-intensity light to minimize any potential photosynthetic activity.Temperature: Maintain the same growth temperature as the phototrophic group.Agitation: Similar to the phototrophic group, gentle agitation may be needed for uniform mixing.b. Controls:
Negative Control: Include a negative control for both the phototrophic and chemotrophic groups, consisting of cultures without any cells added. This control will help assess any potential contamination or medium-related issues.Positive Control: Include a positive control for both groups, consisting of cultures with known healthy C. reinhardtii cells. This control will serve as a reference to compare the growth of the experimental cultures.c. Replicates:
The number of replicates needed for each experimental group and control will depend on the statistical power desired, available resources, and experimental constraints. Typically, at least three replicates are recommended to provide meaningful data and statistical analysis.d. Graphical illustration of results:
The hypothetical graph of the results is shown below:Explanation: The x-axis represents the time, and the y-axis represents the OD-reading. The solid blue line represents the phototrophic growth of C. reinhardtii in mineral medium, the dashed red line represents the chemotrophic growth of C. reinhardtii in mineral medium supplemented with acetate, the dotted green line represents the control for C. reinhardtii in mineral medium without light or carbon source, and the dashed orange line represents the control for C. reinhardtii in mineral medium supplemented with acetate without light.To know more about C. reinhardtii visit:
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What is the term for a strong response to a harmless antigen in the environment? Notice the word Harmless in the question.
a. inflammatory response
b. an autoimmune disease
c. cell-mediated immunity
d. an allergy
How would the author of "Are 'Green' Cars Really All That Green?" dispute the claim in "Cars Without Gasoline Are Here" that biofuels are a good replacement for fossil fuels?
Answer:
A. By noting that biofuels come from vegetables such as corn and sugar beet.
Explanation:
The author claims that biofuels are a good replacement for fossil fuels in the vehicles because it produced less carbondioxide gas as compared to fossil fuels. The biofuels also produced pollution but less as compared to fossil fuel. This biofuel is extracted in the form of Bioethanol which is a type of alcohol made by fermentation process of starch crops such as corn, sugarcane, or sweet sorghum. This biofuel made from biological materials that decrease the production of carbondioxide gas.
Are there any bones in the human body that are from the same side (left or right)? If so, which bones?
Yes, there are several bones in the human body that exist as pairs, with one bone on the left side and its counterpart on the right side. These bones are part of the axial and appendicular skeleton.
The bones that exist as pairs on the left and right sides of the human body include the following:
1. Clavicles (Collarbones): The clavicles are slender, S-shaped bones that connect the sternum (breastbone) to the shoulder blades on each side.
2. Scapulae (Shoulder Blades): The scapulae are triangular-shaped bones located on the upper back. There is a left scapula and a right scapula.
3. Humeri: The humeri are long bones that form the upper arm. There is a left humerus and a right humerus.
4. Radius and Ulna: These are the two bones in the forearm. The radius is located on the thumb side (lateral side), and the ulna is on the little finger side (medial side). There is a left radius and a right radius, as well as a left ulna and a right ulna.
5. Femora: The femora are the thigh bones, which are the longest and strongest bones in the human body. There is a left femur and a right femur.
6. Tibiae and Fibulae: The tibia and fibula are the two bones in the lower leg. The tibia is the larger bone, located on the inner side (medial side), and the fibula is the smaller bone on the outer side (lateral side). There is a left tibia and a right tibia, as well as a left fibula and a right fibula.
These bones exist as pairs to provide symmetry and balance in the human body, allowing for coordinated movement and support of the skeletal structure.
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In horses, the allele for long legs (L) is dominant over the allele for short legs (1). What is the
probability of short legs in the offspring of parents that are both heterozygous for the trait?
Answer:
[tex]\frac{1}{4}[/tex] or 25%
Explanation:
Heterozygous means that the organism has different alleles (L1)
Draw a punnet square:
L 1
L LL L1
1 L1 11
11 is the allele for short legs so 1 in 4 of the outcomes will lead to an offspring with short legs
true or false phosphatese remove the phosphate from gtp on gtp binding proteins
The statement that phosphatases remove the phosphate from GTP on GTP binding proteins is a false statement.
What are GTP-binding proteins?
GTP-binding proteins are a family of membrane-associated proteins that play a critical role in signal transduction. The family of GTP-binding proteins is divided into three subfamilies: (i) monomeric GTPases, (ii) heterotrimeric G proteins, and (iii) dynamin.
How do GTPases work?
GTPases act as molecular switches that are turned on by exchanging GDP (guanosine diphosphate) for GTP (guanosine triphosphate). The activation of GTPase results in the binding of GTP to the protein, leading to a conformational change that enables it to interact with downstream effectors, resulting in a specific cellular response.
The GTPase cycle ends with the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP, which is facilitated by GTPase activating proteins (GAPs). This converts the GTPase back to its inactive form, allowing the protein to be used in another signaling event.
The removal of phosphate from GTP on GTP-binding proteins is accomplished by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). This is not performed by phosphatases. As a result, the given statement is false.
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List four real-life scenarios where the human body may have to undergo lactic fermentation.
What is one of the major advantages of using the five-kingdom system of classification?
Group of answer choices
The metabolic similarities between the members of a phylum become apparent.
The characteristic behaviors of all organisms become apparent.
The evolutionary relationships between organisms become apparent.
The biochemical similarities between the kingdoms become apparent.
What is the ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems?
OA. plants
OB. the Sun
OC. primary consumers
OD. secondary consumers
There are a number of similarities between microarray and mRNAseg methods. However, which of the following statements is not true of mRNAseq? The method requires cDNA synthesis. The method reports on the transcriptome. The method identifies which exons of a gene are expressed. The method requires a complementary probe. The method measures the relative number of each transcript in the sample
The mRNAseg and microarray approaches share several characteristics. It is not true with mRNAseq, however, that the approach analyses the relative number of each transcript in the sample statements. Hence (e) is the correct option.
The same set of samples were used to compare data sets from the RNA-Seq and Affymetrix platforms, and the results revealed a strong association between genes. A microarray is a laboratory technique used to simultaneously measure the expression of thousands of genes. A known DNA sequence or gene is contained in each of the thousands of small dots that are printed on microscope slides in certain locations. These slides are called DNA microarrays.
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There are a number of similarities between microarray and mRNAseg methods. However, which of the following statements is not true of mRNAseq?
a. The method requires cDNA synthesis.
b. The method reports on the transcriptome.
c. The method identifies which exons of a gene are expressed.
d. The method requires a complementary probe.
e. The method measures the relative number of each transcript in the sample
Ethanol for Transport Part 2 0.0/5.0 puntos (calificado) Ethanol has an energy density of .021 GJ/L. How many liters of ethanol are required to supply US transportation demand? Liters Enviar Consejo Guardar Ha realizado 0 de 5 intentos Reiniciar
Ethanol are required to supply US transportation demand is approximately 1.41 trillion liters.
To determine how many liters of ethanol are required to supply US transportation demand, we need to know the total energy demand for transportation in the US. According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA), the total energy consumption for transportation in the US in 2019 was 28.1 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu).
To convert Btu to GJ, we need to multiply by 1.055. Therefore, the total energy consumption for transportation in the US in 2019 was 29.6 quadrillion GJ. To determine the volume of ethanol required to supply this demand, we can use the following formula:
Volume of ethanol = Total energy demand / Energy density of ethanol
Substituting the values we have, we get:
Volume of ethanol = 29.6 quadrillion GJ / 0.021 GJ/L
Volume of ethanol = 1.41 trillion liters
Therefore, approximately 1.41 trillion liters of ethanol would be required to supply US transportation demand based on the given energy density of ethanol. It's worth noting that this calculation assumes that ethanol would be the only fuel source for transportation in the US, which is not currently the case.
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answer at least 5 of these questions.
if you could answer all of them that would be great
Answer:
you could literally just look them up
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid
2. In biology, a gene is a basic unit of heredity and a sequence of nucleotides in DNA or RNA that encodes the synthesis of a gene product, either RNA or protein. During gene expression, the DNA is first copied into RNA.
3. nucleus
Chromosomes are thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells. Each chromosome is made of protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
4. As described above, DNA can be found in three organelles: the nucleus, mitochondrion, and chloroplast. Only eukaryotes have a nucleus, which is a large structure that's surrounded by a membrane. Nuclear DNA comes in the form of long, linear pieces of DNA called chromosomes.
Cellular respiration and photosynthesis are similar in that both produce
Answer:
oxygen
Explanation:
Answer:
The two processes are similar in that they both produce energy, but in two different forms.
Explanation:
They both provide each other with the necessary ingredients for the process to take place: glucose and oxygen for cellular respiration, carbon dioxide and water for photosynthesis.
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help????? please and thank you
How does human consumption of limited resources (energy), impact the biosphere?
Answer: Human use of land has negative impacts. Human activities contribute to the erosion and pollution of beaches. ... More of the rainwater runs off leading to increased erosion and drier soil. Deforestation of land can also lead to desertification and a loss of biodiversity.
Explanation:
*What two kinds of molecules would be used to support evolution ?
Answer: Multiple types of evidence support the theory of evolution: Homologous structures provide evidence for common ancestry, while analogous structures show that similar selective pressures can produce similar adaptations (beneficial features).
Explanation: