Explain Nitrogen cycle [ step by step ]
Explanation:
Nitrogen is essential to life because it is a key component of proteins and nucleic acids. Nitrogen occurs in many forms and is continuously cycled among these forms by a variety of bacteria. Although nitrogen is abundant in the atmosphere as diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), it is extremely stable, and conversion to other forms requires a great deal of energy. Historically, the biologically available forms NO3- and NH3 have often been limited; however, current anthropogenic processes, such as fertilizer production, have greatly increased the availability of nitrogen to living organisms. The cycling of nitrogen among its many forms is a complex process that involves numerous types of bacteria and environmental conditions.
In general, the nitrogen cycle has five steps:
Nitrogen fixation (N2 to NH3/ NH4+ or NO3-)
Nitrification (NH3 to NO3-)
Assimilation (Incorporation of NH3 and NO3- into biological tissues)
Ammonification (organic nitrogen compounds to NH3)
Denitrification(NO3- to N2)
Nitrogen Fixation
Nitrogen fixation is the process by which gaseous nitrogen (N2) is converted to ammonia (NH3 or NH4+) via biological fixation or nitrate (NO3-) through high-energy physical processes. N2 is extremely stable and a great deal of energy is required to break the bonds that join the two N atoms. N2 can be converted directly into NO3- through processes that exert a tremendous amount of heat, pressure, and energy. Such processes include combustion, volcanic action, lightning discharges, and industrial means. However, a greater amount of biologically available nitrogen is naturally generated via the biological conversion of N2 to NH3/ NH4+. A small group of bacteria and cyanobacteria are capable using the enzyme nitrogenase to break the bonds among the molecular nitrogen and combine it with hydrogen.
Nitrogenase only functions in the absence of oxygen. The exclusion of oxygen is accomplished by many means. Some bacteria live beneath layers of oxygen-excluding slime on the roots of certain plants. The most important soil dwelling bacteria, Rhizobium, live in oxygen-free zones in nodules on the roots of legumes and some other woody plants. Aquatic filamentous cyanobacteria utilize oxygen-excluding cells called heterocysts.
Nitrification
Nitrification is a two-step process in which NH3/ NH4+ is converted to NO3-. First, the soil bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrococcus convert NH3 to NO2-, and then another soil bacterium, Nitrobacter, oxidizes NO2- to NO3-. These bacteria gain energy through these conversions, both of which require oxygen to occur.
Assimilation
Assimilation is the process by which plants and animals incorporate the NO3- and ammonia formed through nitrogen fixation and nitrification. Plants take up these forms of nitrogen through their roots, and incorporate them into plant proteins and nucleic acids. Animals are then able to utilize nitrogen from the plant tissues.
Ammonification
Assimilation produces large quantities of organic nitrogen, including proteins, amino acids, and nucleic acids. Ammonification is the conversion of organic nitrogen into ammonia. The ammonia produced by this process is excreted into the environment and is then available for either nitrification or assimilation.
Denitrification
Denitrification is the reduction of NO3- to gaseous N2 by anaerobic bacteria. This process only occurs where there is little to no oxygen, such as deep in the soil near the water table. Hence, areas such as wetlands provide a valuable place for reducing excess nitrogen levels via denitrification processes.
Common Forms of Nitrogen
The most common forms of inorganic nitrogen in the environment are diatomic nitrogen gas (N2), nitrate (NO3-), nitrite (NO2-), ammonia (NH3), and ammonium (NH4+). The species that predominate depend on the chemical, physical, and biological environment.
In aquatic environments, the presence of nitrogen as unionized ammonia (NH3) or ammonium (NH4+) is dependent on the pH and temperature.
When the pH is below 8.75, NH4+ predominates. Increases in pH signify increases in the hydroxyl ion (OH-) concentration of the water, meaning the above reaction will shift to the left in order to reach equilibrium. Above a pH of 9.75, NH3 predominates (Hem, 1985). NH3 is a more toxic to aquatic life. If biological assimilation of NH3 is not occurring at a sufficient rate, NH3 may accumulate and cause detrimental effects to aquatic life.
In soils, NH4+ ions are strongly sorbed by clay particles and organic matter, which have a net negative surface charge. In alkaline soils, NH4+ will be converted to NH3 gas, and lost to the atmosphere. Under warm growing conditions, NH4+ in the soil will be transformed to NO3- via nitrification. NO3- is very soluble, and can easily be leached from soils under wet conditions.
What particles bond together to
form molecules?
A. Atoms
B. Neutrons
C. Compounds
D. Protons
A trout moves from a warm environment into a cold environment. Predict how the saturation status of hydrocarbon chains might change to ensure proper membrane fluidity in the new cold environment.
Answer:
The correct answer is - The hydrocarbons would become less saturated to increase the fluidity of the membrane
Explanation:
The ratio of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids or hydrocarbon chains is responsible for the membrane fluidity at cold temperatures. Cholesterol is an important part of membrane fluidity as it functions as a buffer, it inserts in phospholipids to preventing lower temperatures from inhibiting fluidity and at higher temperatures stabilizes the cell membrane and increase melting point and prevent increasing fluidity.
Moving from high temperature to low temperature hydrocarbon chains become less saturated in order to increase fluidity as it inserts cholesterols into phospholipids and decrease saturation.
What are the chances that your patient’s son will inherit the Alzheimer gene? Refer to your punnet squares to?
Is the following chemical equation balanced?
2Li + 2H2O → H2 + 2LIOH
Why or why not?
Could a thermophile live on another planet? If yes, which planet would it most likely live on and why?
All of these will produce genetic change within a population except -
A random reproduction
B natural selection
C chromosomal mutations
D genetic drift
In the space provided, write the letter of the phrase that best answers the
question.
6. Which of the following does NOT affect the photosynthesis rate of a
plant?
a. air temperature
b. soil type
c. light intensity
d. carbon dioxide concentration
Answer:
I think B
Explanation:
I think B
Sorry if I am wrong.
Answer:
a. air temperature
Explanation:
took test and got right :)
Match the given symbol or molecular formula to the term that best describes it. SO2 K Cl2 C6H6 element arrowRight organic compound arrowRight inorganic elemental molecule arrowRight inorganic compound arrowRight
Answer:
C6H6 - organic compound
K - element
Cl2 - inorganic elemental molecule
SO2 - inorganic compound
Explanation:
An organic compound contains carbon and hydrogen bonded covalently . Sometimes other atoms aside from carbon and hydrogen called heteroatoms are also found in organic compounds. C6H6 is an organic compound.
Elements are found in periodic table. They always occur in uncombined state. K is an element.
Cl2 is an inorganic elemental molecule containing two chlorine atoms bonded covalently.
SO2 is an inorganic compound composed of sulphur and oxygen bound covalently. Mnay inorganic compounds do not contain carbon
Answer:
C6H6 - organic compound
K - element
Cl2 - inorganic elemental molecule
SO2 - inorganic compound
Explanation:
:)
Which high school courses would be beneficial for a career in parasitology? O anatomy and physiology botany and animal biology o technology and zoology biology and biochemistry
I believe it's biology and biochemistry.
which of these describes the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum?
A. A system of folded membranes
B. A tiny organelle that has. o membrane.
C. a rigid, protective layer found outside the cell membrane.
D. an organelle surrounded by a double membrane containing dna.
Answer:
The answer is : A
Look at the ocean system below.
plankton - shrimp - salmon - humans
What will most likely happen if the plankton population decreases in this
ocean system?
Answer:
The harshest impact would be a minor decrease in salmon population.
Explanation: Since shrimp would not die out completely neither woild the salmon.
Which type of cell store's its DNA in the nucleus?
A. prokaryotic
B. eukaryotic
Answer:
Hey mate......
Explanation:
This is ur answer.....
A. EukaryoticEukaryotes usually have other membrane-bound organelles in addition to the nucleus, while prokaryotes don't.
Hope it helps!
Brainliest pls!
Follow me! :)
Answer:
Explanation:
answer is eukaryotic because proparyotic cell does not have nucleus.
Igneous rocks form from ____ when it cools.
Answer:
pretty sure it's magna
Explanation:
tell me if I'm wrong I hope you get a good grade (
✿^‿^)
Answer:
a)magmabecause the magma cools and rocks form
6. Most of the ATP creation during respiration occurs as a result of what driving force?
Answer:
This is because Protons are moving down a concentration gradient.
A cell has 6 chromosomes. How many chromosomes will each daughter cell have if it undergoes mitosis
Answer:
At the end of mitosis, the two daughter cells will be exact copies of the original cell. Each daughter cell will have 30 chromosomes. At the end of meiosis II, each cell (i.e., gamete) would have half the original number of chromosomes, that is, 15 chromosomes.
hope this helps
have a good day :)
Explanation:
what do you mean by photo synthesis?
Answer:
the process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water. Photosynthesis in plants generally involves the green pigment chlorophyll and generates oxygen as a byproduct.
Explanation:
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that, through cellular respiration, can later be released to fuel the organism's metabolic activities.
Based on its chemical formula, which of the following substances is an organic compound?
Name three factors that can result in a decrease in the size of a population
Answer:
birth rate,death rate, immigration and emigration
Which discovery best supports the hypothesis that evolution of the lactase-persistence trait was driven by dairying, the use of milk as a source of adult nutrition in pastoralist cultures
Answer:
The discovery that; The age of pots ( ancient ) that was used to hold milk in ancient times is as old as the Lactase-persistence mutations
Explanation:
The discovery that best supports the hypothesis is given in the question ( The hypothesis about he evolution of the lactase-persistence trait was driven by dairying ) is that The age of pots ( ancient ) that was used to hold milk in ancient times is as old as the Lactase-persistence mutations
how does the word "haploid" apply to the gametes formed during meiosis. Why is it important that gametes are haploid instead of diploid?
Meiosis only occurs in reproductive cells, as the goal is to create haploid gametes that will be used in fertilization. Meiosis is important to, but not the same as, sexual reproduction. Meiosis is necessary for sexual reproduction to occur, as it results in the formation of gametes sperm and eggs.
Explain how the system that creates proteins can be predicted and how these predictions can change.
Answer:
There is a basic observation that similar sequences from the same evolutionary family often adopt similar protein structures, which forms the foundation of homology modeling. So far it is the most accurate way to predict protein structure by taking its homologous structure in PDB as template.
A scientist is tracking and studying all of the great white sharks in an ecosystem
close to Hawaii. What is She is studying
in an ecosystem.
a community
a competition
an environment
a population please help
Answer:
An environment is the correct answer
Explanation:
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
Hope this answer helps you :)
Have a great day
Mark brainliest
2. Which of the following statements is true?
A Cells don't need nutrients.
B Chloroplasts contain a cell's
genetic material.
C Cells grow and reproduce.
D All nonliving things are made
of cells.
Answer: C. Cells grow and reproduce.
"All cells grow and reproduce. Eukaryotic cells reproduce through mitosis and meiosis, while prokaryotes reproduce through binary fission."
Explanation:
A. "Some essential nutrients are required for cellular function but cannot be produced by the animal body. These include vitamins, minerals, some fatty acids, and some amino acids. Food intake in more than necessary amounts is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells, and in fat cells."
B. "Chloroplasts and mitochondria are subcellular bioenergetic organelles with their own genomes and genetic systems. DNA replication and transmission to daughter organelles produces cytoplasmic inheritance of characters associated with primary events in photosynthesis and respiration."
D. "Instead of cells, a non-living thing is made up of elements or compounds that form from chemical reactions. Examples of non-living things are rocks, water, and air."
ow do cells use food to make energy and maintain homeostasis
Answer:
Cells obtain energy through the process of cellular respiration. It is a metabolic process of conversion of the biochemical energy from the nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ... They exchange substances with the new cells and also eliminate the wastes thereby maintaining homeostasis.
Explanation:
There are several ion transport mechanisms within the cell membrane that function to maintain proper levels of solutes inside and outside the cell. ... This system uses the energy stored in ATP to pump potassium into the cell and sodium out of the cell.
Which of the following structures stores genetic information in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A. Cytoplasm
B. DNA
C. Nucleus
D. Ribosome
Please help What part of the blood is responsible for destroying harmful organisms?
A. white blood cells
B. platelets
C. red blood cells
Answer:
the answer is a white blood cells
how does changing diets save natural resources like water resources?
Answer:
Shifting to a healthy diet is not only good for us, but it also saves a lot of fresh water, according to a new study. Compared to existing diets, the water required to produce our food could be reduced by up to 55 percent for healthy pescetarian and vegetarian diets.
Explanation:
10. Explain the gravitational force the Earth has with the moon.
Answer:
Hamilton County Department of Education High School Course markers 9-12, 2002-2003; 4.H.1- Apply the concepts of forces, motion, energy, electricity, and magnetism to the study of the earth and the universe
Explanation:
hope it helps
The 3 components of the Cell Theory are only referring to prokaryotic cells.
A. True
B. False
Answer:
B. False
Explanation: