The bulk of ATP production occurs during cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix, producing around thirty-two ATP molecules for every molecule of oxidized glucose.
What is ATP?The energy currency of the cell is ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It is a natural chemical molecule made up of phosphate groups, adenine, and the sugar ribose. These molecules supply energy to the body's many metabolic operations. Therefore, it is dubbed "Energy Currency of the Cell". ATP can be utilized to store energy for future reactions or it can be used to pay for reactions when the cell need energy. Animals use ATP to store the energy received from food breakdown. Similarly, plants use ATP molecules to collect and store the energy they receive from light during photosynthesis.
Here,
The majority of ATP is produced during cellular respiration within the mitochondrial matrix, which produces around thirty-two ATP molecules for every molecule of oxidized glucose.
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Select True or False: The rates of radioactive decay processes, like the rates of chemical reactions, are sensitive to temperature changes.
Answer: False
Explanation:
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
How many moles of hydrogen, H2, are needed to react with 28 moles of nitrogen, N2?
(round the the tenth's place)
Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, an amount of 84 moles of H₂ are needed to react with 28 moles of nitrogen.
Reaction stoichiometryIn first place, the balanced reaction is:
N₂ + 3 H₂ → 2 NH₃
By reaction stoichiometry, the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:
N₂: 1 moleH₂: 3 molesNH₃: 2 molesMass of N₂ requiredIt can be applied the rule of three: If by reaction stoichiometry 1 mole of N₂ react with 3 moles of H₂, 28 moles of N₂ react with how many moles of H₂?
moles of H₂= (28 moles of N₂×3 moles of H₂)÷1 mole of N₂
moles of H₂= 84 moles
Finally, 84 moles of H₂ reacted.
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You move a 12-newton box 6 meters across the floor. How much work have you done?
The amount of work that has been done would be 72 Joules.
What is work done?The work done by a body can be defined as the amount of energy transferred from one body to another body. In other words, work is the product of force and the distance moved by the force.
This can be expressed mathematically as:
Work = force x distance moved by the force.
In this case:
Force = 12 newton
Distance = 6 meters
Work done = 12 x 6
= 72 NM or 72 Joules
In other words, if I move a 12 Newton box by 6 meters across the floor, the amount of work done would be 72 Joules.
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What can be found in the box on a periodic table?
In the box on a periodic table we can find its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name of the element.
By the 20th century, it was clear that atomic numbers, not atomic masses, were involved in the periodic relationship. The periodic law, a more recent formulation of this relationship, states that an element's properties are a periodic function of its atomic number.
The elements are arranged in a modern periodic table in increasing order of their atomic numbers, and atoms with comparable properties are grouped in the same vertical column (Figure below). With its atomic number, symbol, average atomic mass, and (sometimes) name, each box represents an element. The elements are grouped in 18 vertical columns called groups and seven horizontal rows known as periods or series.
Each column's header lists the names of its groups. Roman numerals and capital letters have traditionally been used on labels in the United States. The IUPAC advises using the digits 1 through 18, and these labels are more widely used. Parts of two of the rows, totaling 14 columns, are typically written below the table's main body in order for it to fit on a single page.
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How many moles of hydrogen (H2) are required to completely reduce 1 mole of cis-2,3,3- trimethylhepta-1,5-diene
2 moles of hydrogen (H2) are required to completely reduce 1 mole of cis-2,3,3- trimethylhepta-1,5-diene (C11H16).
What is moles?Moles, in chemistry, is a unit of measurement used to express the amount of a substance. It is equal to 6.022 x 1023 atoms, molecules, ions, or other particles. In other words, a mole contains an exact number of particles, which is known as Avogadro's number. The mole is a convenient way to measure and compare large amounts of a substance. It is also used to measure the amount of energy released or absorbed in a chemical reaction.
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Enzyme ______ bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction. Multiple choice question
Enzyme Inhibitors bind to an enzyme to turn it off, thus preventing it from catalyzing a reaction.
An enzyme is a biological molecule that catalyzes chemical reactions in the cell. Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy required for a reaction to occur, making it more likely that the reaction will proceed. However, enzymes can also be inhibited, which means that their activity is reduced or stopped completely. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as the presence of a specific molecule called an inhibitor.
Some inhibitors bind to the active site of the enzyme, preventing the substrate from binding and thus preventing the reaction from occurring. Other inhibitors bind to other parts of the enzyme, causing a conformational change that prevents the enzyme from working. Still, other inhibitors bind to enzymes and alter their activity by non-covalent interactions.
There are different types of inhibitors like competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme and prevent substrate binding. Non-competitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme, causing a conformational change that makes the enzyme less active. Feedback inhibitors bind to the end product of a metabolic pathway, inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the pathway.
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What is the net charge on the following peptide at pH = 0?
Peptide sequence: DSVK
a. net charge = +2
b. net charge = +1
c. net charge = 0
d. net charge = -2
The net charge on the Peptide sequence: DSVK at pH = 0 is : a. net charge = +2.
What is peptide sequence?The process of identifying the amino acids that make up a peptide chain's structural sequence is known as peptide sequencing. This knowledge must be made public in order to understand the structure and function of a protein within a cell, which is useful for biomedical research applications.
By convention, the names of peptides are always written from left to right, beginning with the N-terminal end. For example, the name glycyl-histidine-phenylalanine refers to a peptide that comprises glycine at the N-terminus, followed by a histidine, and then phenylalanine at the C-terminus.
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The normal boiling point of Br2(l) is 58.8 ?C, and its molar enthalpy of vaporization is ?Hvap = 29.6kJ/mol.
When Br2(l) boils at its normal boiling point, does its entropy increase or decrease?
increase
decrease
When Br2(l) boils at its normal boiling point, its entropy increases as it is positive.
What is meant by entropy?The level of randomness found inside a substance's molecules is known as entropy.
The temperature at which atmospheric pressure and a liquid's vapor pressure are equal is known as the boiling point.
The amount of heat energy required to convert one mole of a substance from its liquid state into its gaseous state at constant temperature and pressure is referred to as the molar enthalpy of vaporization.
Entropy increases when a liquid is heated because the randomness between the molecules increases. As a result, entropy will rise.
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A magnesium ion, Mg2+, with a charge of 3. 2×10−19C and an oxide ion, O2−, with a charge of −3. 2×10−19C, are separated by a distance of 0. 25 nm. How much work would be required to increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance?
The amount of work required to increase the separation of the two ions to an infinite distance is 3.68×10⁻¹⁸joules.
What is work and energy ?When a push or pull applied to an object causes the object to move, that movement is referred to as work. We refer to energy as the ability to perform the work. The work completed in a given amount of time is referred to as power.
Mg²⁺with a charge is 3.2×10⁻¹⁹C
O²⁻with a charge of −3.2×10⁻¹⁹C
distance = 0.25 = 0.25 ×10⁻⁹m
We know that the constant of proportionality is equal to 8.99×10⁹Jm/C²
Work = -kq₁q₂/d
Substitute given values into the formula,
Work = 8.99×10⁹× 3.2×10⁻¹⁹× -3.2×10⁻¹⁹/ 0.25 ×10⁻⁹
Work = 8.99×10⁹×-1.024×10⁻³⁷/0.25×10⁻⁹
Work = 9.21×10⁻²⁸/ 0.25×10⁻⁹
Work = 3.68×10⁻¹⁸Joules.
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Where do the 2 ATP produced in fermentation come from?
Glycolysis during fermentation only yields two ATP each glucose molecule, which is significantly less ATP than is produced during respiration.
What distinguishes a compound from a molecule?A collection of more than two atoms joined by chemical bonds is referred to as a molecule. The compound is a mixture made up of two or more distinct kinds of elements that are chemically combined in a predetermined ratio. Not every molecule is a compound. Molecules make up all chemicals.
Just how many atoms make up a molecule?According to the context, it term might or might not include ions that meet this requirement. A molecule is a collection of atoms that are held together by the attractive forces called as chemical bonds.
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Enrichment Activity 2.
Next up, let us compare the frequencies of different EM waves. Copy and answrr the table on page 16, refer to figure 2, then answer the question that follows.
PA HELP POOOOO
EM rays, or electromagnetic radiation, is a form of energy that is emitted and absorbed by charged particles.
What are Gamma rays?
Gamma rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation, similar to visible light and x-rays, but with much higher energy. They are produced by the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe, such as neutron stars, pulsars, and black holes. Gamma rays can also be produced artificially, in particle accelerators or nuclear reactions. Gamma rays have the shortest wavelength and highest energy of any type of electromagnetic radiation.
| Wave | Frequency (Hz) |
| Radio Waves | < 3 x 10^9 |
| Microwaves | 3 x 10^9 |
| Infrared Radiation | 3 x 10^12 |
| Visible Light | 4 x 10^14 |
| Ultraviolet | 7.5 x 10^14|
| X-Rays | 3 x 10^16 |
| Gamma Rays | 3 x 10^19 |
Which type of EM wave has the highest frequency?
Gamma Rays have the highest frequency with 3 x 10^19 Hz.
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List some of the methods used to prevent or slow corrosion with detailed explanation
Answer:
There are several methods that can be used to prevent or slow corrosion:
Coatings: Applying a protective coating to a metal surface can prevent corrosion by creating a barrier between the metal and the environment. Common types of coatings include paint, galvanizing, and electroplating.
Cathodic protection: Cathodic protection involves applying a current to a metal surface in order to reduce the potential difference between the metal and its environment. This can help to prevent corrosion by reducing the electron flow that drives the corrosion reaction.
Inhibitors: Corrosion inhibitors are chemical substances that can be applied to a metal surface to slow or prevent corrosion. These substances work by reacting with the metal surface or the environment to form a protective film or layer.
Passivation: Passivation is a process that involves removing surface contaminants and oxide layers from a metal surface in order to improve its corrosion resistance. This can be achieved through chemical or mechanical means.
Materials selection: Choosing corrosion-resistant materials for specific applications can help to prevent or slow corrosion. For example, stainless steel is a commonly used material for corrosive environments because of its high resistance to corrosion.
Environmental control: Controlling the environment in which a metal object is used can also help to prevent or slow corrosion. For example, reducing humidity or keeping a metal object dry can help to prevent corrosion.
Maintenance: Regular maintenance, such as cleaning and inspection, can help to identify and address corrosion issues before they become severe. This can include removing corrosion products, repairing damage, and applying protective coatings as needed.
Draw the organic product of the following reaction between (1s 3s)-1-chloro-3-methylcyclopentane
Whenever we need to find the purity of a combination of two metals, which is known as an alloy, we use the simple formula where we find the weight of the main compound in the numerator and the weight of the total alloy In the denominator. Multiplying this by hundred gives us the purity of the metal. This is extensively used to calculate the purity of silver and gold.
Consider the reaction.
NH4HS(s)⇌NH3(g)+H2S(g)
At a certain temperature, Kc=8.5×10−3. In a reaction mixture at this temperature containing solid NH4HS, [NH3]=0.166 M and [H2S]=0.166 M. Will more of the solid form or will some of the existing solid decompose as equilibrium is reached?
In the reaction, NH4HS(s)⇌NH3(g)+H2S(g), more of the solid will form.
What is equilibrium?In a chemical reaction, equilibrium is the state where both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so there is also no observable change in the properties of the system. This state results when forward reaction proceeds at the same rate as reverse reaction.
If Q= K then equilibrium
Q>k, then reversed direction shift
Q<k, then forward direction shift
Given, Kc=8.5×10−3
Given [NH3]=0.166 and M [H2S]=0.166 M
Here Q= 0.166 M (given)
It shows Q> k that is 0.166 > 8.5×10−3
Therefore, more of the solid will form.
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What determines the properties of a substance?
The properties of a substance are determined by the arrangement of atoms in that substance.
A substance has two types of properties: physical and chemical properties.
The physical properties of a substance does not change the physical identity of the substance.
Examples of physical properties are density, color, boiling point, melting point and hardness.
Whereas the chemical properties are those properties which alter the substance completely and transforms it into a new substance or a compound.
For example, chemical reactions such as oxidation or reduction reactions, corrosion and flammability are chemical properties which occur when change in the arrangement of atoms take place.
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What volume of 0.450 M Na3PO4 is required to precipitate all the lead(II) ions from 190.0 mL of 0.600 M Pb(NO3)2
We need 0.127 L of 0.450 M Na3PO4 to precipitate all the lead(II) ions from 190.0 mL of 0.600 M Pb(NO3)2.
How to determine the amount of Na3PO4 needed?This is a precipitation reaction. To determine the amount of Na3PO4 needed to precipitate all the lead(II) ions, we need to find the number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 present in the solution.
First, we'll use the formula to convert the volume of the solution to liters:
190.0 mL * (1 L/1000 mL) = 0.19 L
Next, we'll use the molarity formula to find the number of moles of Pb(NO3)2 in the solution:
molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution
moles of Pb(NO3)2 = 0.600 M * 0.19 L = 0.114 moles
Now we can use the balanced equation for the reaction to find how many moles of Na3PO4 are needed to react with all 0.114 moles of Pb(NO3)2
Pb(NO3)2 + 3Na3PO4 -> Pb3(PO4)2 + 6NaNO3
We can see that 2 moles of Pb(NO3)2 react with 3 moles of Na3PO4
So we need 0.114 moles/ 2 moles = 0.057 moles of Na3PO4
Finally we can use the molarity formula again to find the volume of 0.450 M Na3PO4 required
Molarity (M) = moles of solute / liters of solution
0.057 moles = 0.450 M * V
V = 0.057 moles / 0.450 M = 0.127 L
So we need 0.127 L of 0.450 M Na3PO4 to precipitate all the lead(II) ions from 190.0 mL of 0.600 M Pb(NO3)2
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When ammonium chloride and water interact, less energy is released from breaking the bonds in the water and ammonium chloride than what is required to form the bonds of the new substance.What is happening in the reaction
Endothermic reaction is taking place in the reaction; as ammonium chloride and water contact, less energy is generated by breaking the bonds between the two substances.
Than what is needed to create the new substance's connections. Endothermic reactions are those in which the reactants take in heat energy from their environment to create products. These reactions produce a cooling effect by bringing the temperature of the space around them lower. Endothermic physical processes are also possible; for example, ice cubes can melt into liquid water by absorbing heat energy from their environment (no chemical bonds are broken or formed). With the chemical formula NH4Cl, ammonium chloride is an inorganic substance that is a white, crystalline salt that is very soluble in water.
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Is meter stick used in sewing?
Measuring fabric is one purpose for this wooden metric and meter stick that is perfect for many different applications.
Often employed in the construction business, a meterstick, metrestick, as well as yardstick refers to a straightedge or even a foldable ruler was using to measure length. They were frequently built of plastic or wood, with metal as well as plastic joints which enable folding.
A sewing or seam gauge would be a compact but helpful instrument for gauging tiny distances. The spaces needed for buttonholes as well as buttonhole spacing can also be measured using the sewing gauge, along with hemlines, tucks, as well as pleats.
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If 1.70g of aniline reacts with 2.10g of bromine, what is the theoretical yield of 4-bromoaniline (in grams)
If 1.70g of aniline reacts with the 2.10 g of bromine, the theoretical yield of 4-bromoaniline is 2.25 g.
1 mole mole of the aniline react with the 1 mol of Br₂ produces 1 mole of the 4 - bromoaniline.
mass of aniline = 1.70 g
molar mass of aniline = 93 g/mol
moles of aniline = 0.0182 mol
mass of Br₂ = 2.10 g
molar mass of Br₂ = 160 g/mol
moles = 2.10/ 160
= 0.0131 mol
Br₂ is limiting reagent .
moles of 4-bromoaniline = 0.0131
mass of 4-bromoaniline = moles × molar mass
= 0.0131 × 172
= 2.25 g
Thus, the theoretical yield is 2.25 g.
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16. INFER: Magnesium and Sodium atoms are about the same size. How does the size of a magnesium ion with a 2+ charge compare with that of a sodium ion with a single (+) charge?
The atomic size of a magnesium ion is smaller than the atomic size of sodium ion.
The distribution of electrons in an element's atomic orbitals is known by its electronic configuration. Atoms' electron configurations adhere to a standard nomenclature in which all atomic subshells that contain electrons are arranged in a sequence with the number of electrons they each hold expressed in superscript.
the electronic configuration of each element's electrons:
Na-[tex]1s^{2}2 s^{2}2 p^{6} 3s^{1}[/tex]
Mg-[tex]1s^{2} 2s^{2} 2p^{6} 3s^{2}[/tex]
The magnesium atom is smaller than the sodium atom because its nuclear charge is larger (12+) than that of sodium (11+), according to the electron configuration. The electrons will be drawn more strongly to the magnesium nucleus, reducing the size of the atom.
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How many moles of sulfuric acid (H₂SO4) are needed to react completely with 6.8 moles of lithium hydroxide (LIOH)?
2LIOH + H₂SO4 → Li2SO4 + 2H₂O
O 3.4 mol H₂SO4
O 6.8 mol H₂SO4
O 10.2 mol H₂SO4
O 13.6 mol H₂SO4
3.4 mole of H₂SO₄ moles of sulfuric acid (H₂SO4) are needed to react completely with 6.8 moles of lithium hydroxide.
How many moles of sulfuric acid (H₂SO4) are needed ?
Based on the reaction’s stoichiometry: 2 LiOH + H2SO4 Li2SO4 + 2 H2O
It is obvious that when 2.0 moles of LiOH react with 1.0 mole of H2SO4, 1.0 mole of Li2SO4 and 2.0 moles of H2O are produced.
Making use of cross multiplication:
1.0 mole of H2SO4 totally interacts with LiOH (2.0 moles)
2.0 mole of H2SO4 is required to totally react with 6.8 mole of LiOH.
The mole of H2SO4 = (1.0 x 6.8) / (2.0) = 3.4 mole of H2SO4.
One mole of H2SO4 has an atomic mass of 98 grams. So 98 grams of H2SO4 comprises one mole of H2SO4 molecule, or seven moles of atoms.
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Write a balanced net ionic equation for a neutralization reaction that results in the formation of sodium fluoride.
Balanced net ionic equation for a neutralization reaction that results in the formation of sodium fluoride is Na+ + F- → NaF
What is neutralization reaction?A neutralization reaction is a chemical reaction that occurs when an acid and a base react to form a salt and water. This type of reaction is exothermic, meaning that it releases energy in the form of heat. During a neutralization reaction, hydrogen ions from the acid are neutralized by the hydroxide ions from the base. The byproduct of this reaction is a salt and water. The salt produced depends on the acid and base used in the reaction, and the pH of the solution is neutralized to 7.0.
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Which of the following are advantages of a furnace over a flame in atomic absorption?
a. a smaller sample amount is required
b. memory effects from the previous run are not present in even the most basic version
c. the sample is atomized in only one heating step
d. less operator skill is required to determine the proper experimental conditions
e. higher sensitivity because the atomized sample is in the optical path longer
A furnace has an advantage over a flame in atomic absorption because it is more sensitive due to the lengthier time the atomized material remains in the optical path.
A process of absorption is what?Absorption in chemistry is the process by which a material that is already present in one state gets assimilated into another substance that is already present in another state (e.g., gases being absorbed by a liquid or liquids being absorbed by a solid).
What in chemistry are adsorption and absorption?Absorption and adsorption have quite different definitions. A liquid can be absorbed by a substance like a sponge, cloth, or filter paper. The absorbent substance absorbs all of the liquid. Adsorption describes the accumulation of single molecules, atoms, or ions on surfaces.
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What is the importance of CO2 and O2 in water?
The importance of the carbon dioxide, CO₂ and the oxygen O₂ in the water is they both are important for the aquatic animals and for the aquatic plant.
The CO₂ and O₂ are both important for the aquatic animals and also for the aquatic plants. the concentration of the oxygen in to the water is important for the aquatic animals that the dissolved oxygen for the respiration. the carbon dioxide will be more soluble in water than the oxygen in the water.
The carbon dioxide forms the carbonic acid in the water. the carbon dioxide is useful for the aquatic plants for the growth.
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Table 4.4 : Metals and Non-metals in Acids and Bases
S.No. Name of the Base Metal Name of the Acid Non-metal
1. Calcium hydroxide Calcium Sulphuric acid Sulphur
2
3
4
5
Answer: devide the concept
Explanation: devide and then answer it
Solid silicon and solid magnesium chloride form when silicon tetrachloride gas reacts with magnesium metal. Write a word equation and an unbalanced formula equation including physical states.
Solid silicon and solid magnesium chloride form when silicon tetrachloride gas reacts with magnesium metal. the equation is :
SiCl₄(g) + Mg(s) ---> Si(s) + MgCl₂(s)
When the solid silicon react with the solid magnesium chloride , the word equation is :SiCl₄(g) + Mg(s)
the product formed is the silicon tetrachloride gas. the word equation is :
Si(s) + MgCl₂(s)
The unbalanced equation is :
SiCl₄(g) + Mg(s) ---> Si(s) + MgCl₂(s)
The balanced equation for the reaction of the silicon tetra chloride react with the magnesium and form the silicon and the solid magnesium chloride. and t is given :
SiCl₄(g) + Mg(s) ---> Si(s) + MgCl₂(s)
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How many moles are in 4.0 x 10^24 atoms of silicon?
Atoms of silicon have 0.15 moles.
[tex]4.0 × 10^2^4[/tex] atoms of silicon.
We have to find the number of moles.
Silicon has the atomic number 14.
One mole of silicon contains [tex]6.023× 10^2^3[/tex] atoms.
[tex]6.023× 10^2^3[/tex]number of atoms are present in one mole of silicon.
[tex]4.0*10^24[/tex]number of atoms will have-
[tex]6.023*10^2^3/4.0*10^2^4=0.15[/tex] moles.
Thus atoms of silicon have 0.15 moles.
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Select True or False: As opposed to chemical reaction, nuclear reactions have a significant (measureable) mass change relative to the mass of the reacting species.
The given statement is true as in the radioactive decay results in significant mass loss.
When uranium nuclei go through radioactive decay, a number of their mass is transformed into kinetic energy (the electricity of the transferring particles). This conversion of electricity is determined as a lack of mass. When it decays, a radionuclide transforms right into a one-of-a-kind atom - a decay product. The atoms maintain remodeling to new decay merchandise till they attain a solid country and are now not radioactive. This radioactivity is a part of earth's herbal device and is the principle purpose of warmth in the earth and the using pressure for earth's tectonic device which results in volcanoes, earthquakes and plate tectonics.
Thus, the given statement is true.
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Consider the orbital diagram
shown. Which electron rule is
broken in the diagram?
1
1s 2s
2p
A. Aufbau Principle
B. Hund's Rule
C. Pauli Exclusion Principle
Answer: Aufbau Principle
Explanation:
Aufbau Principle - states that lower energy orbits must be completely filled before moving onto a higher energy level
Hund's Rule - pairing rule; all boxes in the level must be given one arrow before adding a second arrow
Pauli Exclusion Principle - each box must contain two arrows pointing in different directions
This question doesn't completely fill the 1s level before moving onto the next 2s level. Therefore, the digram violates the Aufbau Principle.
Calculate the mass of metal oxide produced during the decomposition of 1280 g of 77.5% pure magnesium carbonate!
Decomposition of one mole of magnesium carbonate (84 g) produces one mole of magnesium oxide (40 g). Thus, 1280 g of magnesium carbonate will produce 609 g of MgO.
What is magnesium carbonate?Magnesium carbonate is an ionic compound formed by donation of two electrons from magnesium metal to the carbonate group.
The decomposition reaction of magnesium carbonate is written below:
[tex]\rm MgCO_{3} \rightarrow MgO + CO_{2}[/tex]
As per this reaction, one mole of magnesium carbonate produces one mole of MgO.
molar mass of MgCO₃ = 84 g/mol
molar mass of MgO = 40 g/mol
84 g of MgCO₃ gives 40 g of MgO. Then the mass of MgO produced by 1280 g of MgCO₃ is:
mass of MgO = (1280 × 40)/84 = 609 g.
Therefore, the mass of MgO produced is 609 g.
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