Mendelian inheritance is the term used to describe how qualities that are regulated by a single gene with two alleles, one of which may be dominant to the other, are passed down from parent to child. Even though just a few human features are governed by a single gene with two alleles, they provide a solid foundation for learning about human heredity.
He came to the conclusion that each parent transmits a pair of distinct genes to their offspring. Mendel studied how parental genes diverged and whether they manifested in the offspring as dominant or recessive traits. He was familiar with the mathematical traditions that were passed down from one generation to the next. Mendel's approach created a genetics template that is still employed today for gene discovery and comprehending the genetic characteristics of inheritance.
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Does stomach lining, liver, skin repair itself the fastest
The stomach lining is able to heal itself the fastest, followed by the skin, and then the liver.
What do you mean by the stomach lining?
The stomach lining is the innermost layer of the stomach, made up of cells that produce digestive enzymes and secretions that help break down food. This layer also helps protect the stomach from the acidic environment within the stomach.
The stomach lining is able to heal itself quickly because it contains specialized cells that can quickly make new tissue to replace damaged cells. The skin is also able to heal quickly because it is made up of many layers of cells that can quickly reproduce to form new skin. The liver is able to regenerate itself, but it takes longer than the stomach lining or skin because the liver is made up of fewer cells and the process of regeneration is more complex.
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Why are identical twins rare?
Word Bank:
gene, chromosome, reproductive cell, identical twin, fraternal twin, trait, protein, variation.
Mention:
Explain how genes are passed on normally in humans.
Explain how genes are passed on in identical twins.
Explain why identical twins are rare.
Identical twins are rare because they are generated when a fertilized egg is divided into two zygotes and thus generate two different organisms having genetically identical material. Genes are passed on normally in humans due to the inheritance from parents to offspring, they (genes) are passed on in identical twins as copies in the egg cell.
What is the proportion of identical twins in nature?The proportion of identical twins in nature is relatively low in the order of 1 to 250, which inherit the same genes contained in homologous pairs of chromosomes, while fraternal twins denote the process of fertilization of two separate eggs to form different organisms. These genes generate different proteins that will lead to different traits.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the proportion of identical twins in nature is low because the division of the egg cell after fertilization cell is a rare process.
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Many scientists claim that the synthesis of the first organic molecules from inorganic precursors was possible because of the highly reducing atmosphere found on primitive Earth. Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim
An appropriate null hypothesis that might be used to test the claim is that the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is conceivable both at the levels of atmospheric oxygen present today and on early Earth.
When investigating the possibility that life may have started on the planet, it is vital to take into account the concept that organic molecules can be created from inorganic ones both under conditions of current atmospheric oxygen levels and those present on primitive Earth.
In order to more thoroughly investigate the potential of life's genesis on Earth, this null hypothesis offers evidence that organic molecules can arise without the presence of life.
We can learn more about the many chemical processes and reactions used to create organic molecules by looking at them.
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Definition
Unit 6 Vocab: DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information an
protein synthesis
Your answer
The nucleic acid molecule that allows transmission of genetic material and protein synthesis is called messenger RNA. This messenger RNA serves as an intermediate for protein synthesis because DNA is protected in the nucleus.
What is translation?
process by which cell makes proteins using the genetic information carried in messenger RNA (mRNA).
There are two main types of nucleic acids. two types are DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid, and RNA or ribonucleic acid. Both of these molecules serve function in gene expression.
RNA carries genetic information that is translated by ribosomes into various proteins necessary for the cellular processes. mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA are the three main types of RNA involved in the protein synthesis. RNA also serves as primary genetic material for viruses.
Translation, second step in getting from a gene to a protein, takes place in the cytoplasm.
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Categorize all the components involved in photosynthesis as either matter or energy!
In photosynthesis, matter components are chlorophyll, water, carbon dioxide and glucose. Energy components are light energy, chemical energy, thermal energy.
Matter:Chlorophyll: a pigment found in the chloroplasts that absorbs light energy
Water: a molecule that is oxidized during the light-dependent reactions
Carbon dioxide: a molecule that is used as a source of carbon for the synthesis of organic compounds
Glucose: a simple sugar produced as a result of the light-independent reactions.
Energy:Light energy: energy from the sun that is absorbed by the chlorophyll to drive the reactions of photosynthesis
Chemical energy: energy stored in the bonds of glucose and other organic compounds produced during photosynthesis
Thermal energy: energy in the form of heat that is released as a byproduct of the reactions of photosynthesis.
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Which of the following results best refutes the alternative hypothesis that selective permeability is a consequence of the cell wall
The results which best refutes the alternative hypothesis that selective permeability is a consequence of the cell wall is: when beetroot cells are placed in a solution with cellulase, the solution remains clear.
A cell wall are those parts of a cell that holds the cell together and it has a definite structure.
Furthermore, a cell membrane is not affected by the process of cellulose digestion, but this process hurts the cell wall structure and damages it.
As a result of this, when a beetroot cell is put in a solution that contains cellulase, the solution does not remain clear because selective permeability is a consequence of the cell wall.
The cell membrane's selective permeability is its capacity to distinguish between various types of molecules, permitting some to pass while preventing others. This selective quality is somewhat influenced by the inherent membrane diffusion rates of certain compounds.
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More people get injured from skateboarding than any other sport
What will the offspring look like if you crossed a tall pea plant TT with a short one TT )?
If you crossed a tall pea plant TT with a short one TT all the offspring will be tall.
Dominance is the phenomena in genetics where one allele (variant) of a gene on one copy of a chromosome obscures or overrides the impact of another allele (variant) of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. [1][2] Dominant refers to the first variant, and recessive to the second.
In both Mendelian inheritance and traditional genetics, dominance is a crucial idea.
No allele or its features are inherently dominant (phenotype). One allele of a given gene may be dominant over a second allele of the same gene, recessive to a third allele, and co-dominant with a fourth allele; the relationship between two alleles of a given gene of any function is strictly relative.
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Which of the following types of data would be required in order to consider the hypothesis that acid precipitation caused the loss of the salamander
The type of data that would be necessary to consider the hypothesis that acid precipitation caused the loss of the salamander were, Acids that enter the atmosphere primarily affect ecosystems located less than 100 kilometers from the source of the pollution. Corrects answer: letter C.
Acid precipitation is known to affect ecosystems that are located near the source of the pollution. This is because acid precipitation can be carried through the atmosphere and deposited in the surrounding areas, affecting the habitats and species that are found there.
By determining the distances between the source of the pollution and the ecosystem where the salamander was lost, it can be determined if acid precipitation was likely to be a factor in its loss. Data would also be needed on the types and concentrations of acids that are found in the air near the source of the pollution and the salamander's ecosystem, as well as the pH levels in both areas.
Which of the following types of data would be required in order to consider the hypothesis that acid precipitation caused the loss of the salamander?
A) sulfuric acid and nitric acid from the burning of fossil fuels are the major causes of acid precipitation.
B) larger organisms lost from freshwater ecosystems because of acidification may not return even decades after ph values have returned to normal.
C)Acids that enter the atmosphere primarily affect ecosystems located less than 100 kilometers from the source of the pollution.
D) Though lakes are very sensitive to acidification, their ph can return rapidly to normal values.
E) regulation of emission sorces has raised the ph of precipitation in many parts of the eastern united staes in the last two decades.
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Many scientists claim that the synthesis of the first organic molecules from inorganic precursors was possible because of the highly reducing atmosphere found on primitive Earth.
Which of the following is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim?
answer choices
The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is possible under current atmospheric oxygen levels as well as those found on primitive Earth.
Organic molecules were transported to primitive Earth by a meteorite or other celestial event.
The absence of a significant quantity of atmospheric oxygen is required for the synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic precursors.
The level of atmospheric oxygen on modern Earth is significantly higher than on primitive Earth.
The synthesis of organic molecules from inorganic molecules is possible under current atmospheric oxygen levels as well as those found on primitive Earth is an appropriate null hypothesis that could be used when investigating the claim.
The hypothesis that organic molecules can be synthesized from inorganic molecules under current atmospheric oxygen levels, as well as those found on primitive Earth, is an important one to consider when researching the claim that life could have originated on the planet.
This null hypothesis provides evidence that organic molecules can form without the presence of life, allowing us to explore the possibility of life's origin on Earth in a more comprehensive manner.
By studying the various chemical reactions and processes involved in the synthesis of organic molecules, we can gain a better understanding of the conditions that were necessary for the emergence of life.
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Where is most ATP produced in mitochondria?
Most ATP is produced in the mitochondrial matrix, which is the fluid-filled space inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
The process of ATP production in the mitochondria is called cellular respiration. It starts with the breakdown of glucose and other molecules in the cytoplasm by the process of glycolysis, which generates a small amount of ATP. The majority of the ATP is generated in the Mitochondria during the process of oxidative phosphorylation, where the electrons from the breakdown of glucose are passed through a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which generates a proton gradient that drives the production of ATP via ATP synthase.
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What methods do cells use to increase the surface area to volume ratio?
Prokaryotic cells have inner folds of the cell membrane that are responsible for specific functions such as respiration. These creases increase the surface area.
As the cell radius increases, the surface area increases as the radius squared, but the volume increases as the radius cubed (much faster).
As the cell advance, its internal volume increases and the cell membrane expands. Unfortunately, volume increases faster than surface area, so the relative amount of surface area available to direct material to a unit volume of cells steadily decreases. The important point is that the surface area-to-volume ratio decreases as the cells get larger.
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Frameshift mutations can be very severe. What is one reason why they are often so serious?
A) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes changes in many bases downstream and can affect many of the amino acids in the protein.
B) Frameshift mutations always occur in the regulatory region, so they cause a gene to be turned off and then the protein is not produced at all.
C) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes changes in many bases upstream and can affect many of the amino acids in the protein.
D) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes transition mutations to occur. These are particularly severe.
Reason behind Frameshift mutations are severe because A) When a frameshift mutation occurs, it causes changes in many bases downstream and can affect many of the amino acids in the protein.So,correct option is A.
Fundamentally, a frameshift mutations causes changes in the hereditary material, codons, and proteins, which can prompt numerous difficulties and issues, some of which are the Tay-Sachs sickness, however it can likewise make an individual be more inclined to specific malignant growths.
A frameshift mutations (likewise called an outlining mistake or a perusing outline shift) is a hereditary change brought about by indels (additions or cancellations) of various nucleotides in a DNA succession that isn't distinct by three. Because of the trio idea of quality articulation by codons, the inclusion or erasure can change the understanding edge (the gathering of the codons), bringing about something else altogether from the first. The previous in the succession the erasure or addition happens, the more changed the protein. A frameshift mutation isn't equivalent to a solitary nucleotide polymorphism in which a nucleotide is supplanted, as opposed to embedded or erased.
Hence,correct option is A.
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What are some factors that increase the chance of a genetic mutation happening in your cells?
Errors in replication, exposure to ultraviolet radiation and exposure to chemicals are some factors that increase the chance of a genetic mutation happening in your cells.
A mutation or a genetic mutation is basically a change in the DNA sequence of a gene which leads to the production of something different. It is able to create a permanent change to that particular gene's DNA sequence. Genetic variations are although important as they allow evolution in humans. They can also sometimes cause genetic disorders.
Replication is the process by which the DNA replicates itself. Sometimes errors happen in replication which can change the sequence of the DNA and cause mutations. Exposure to some environmental chemicals and also to ultraviolet radiation can cause mutation and alter the DNA sequence.
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Identify the type of symbiosis described. the saguaro cactus provides food for the white-winged dove through its large fruit. the bird consumes the fruit, ingests the seeds, and then deposits the seeds in a new location.
This is an example of mutualism, a type of symbiosis in which both species benefit. In this case, the saguaro cactus provides food for the white-winged dove, and in return the dove deposits the seeds of the cactus in new locations, helping the cactus to propagate.
Mutualism plays an important role in nature, as it helps to ensure the survival of both species. In this case, the saguaro cactus needs the white-winged dove to spread its seeds and help it to propagate, while the dove relies on the cactus for food. This type of symbiotic relationship can be seen in numerous species throughout the world, and is an important factor in maintaining the balance of nature.
In addition to providing food for the white-winged dove, the saguaro cactus also offers other benefits. Its large fruit is a valuable source of nutrition for other species, such as birds, mammals, and reptiles. The cactus also provides shelter for various animals, including bats, lizards, and hummingbirds. The shade from the cactus helps to keep the environment cooler, which can be beneficial to other species in the area.
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Which of the following may be located tens of kilobases away from the transcriptional start site?
A. The proximal promoter elements
B. The core promoter
C. An enhancer sequence
D. A TATA box
Proximal promoters may be located tens of kilobases away from the transcriptional start site.
The correct answer is A.
While enhancers are frequently located many kilobases (kbp) upstream or downstream of the transcription start site, proximal promoters are typically situated within a few hundred base pairs (bp) away from the start site. Core promoters define both the transcription start site and the region where the fundamental transcriptional machinery will initiate transcription. The control of gene expression at the transcriptional level is crucial for many biological processes. In eukaryotes, there are tens of thousands of protein-coding genes, and each one has an own transcriptional pathway. Trans-acting DNA sequences called transcriptional enhancers, proximal promoters, and core promoters are responsible for encoding these transcriptional programmes.
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explain each step of meiosis
Answer
(mitosis steps first)
Prophase II: Starting cells are the haploid cells made in meiosis I. Chromosomes condense.
Metaphase II: Chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase II: Sister chromatids separate to opposite ends of the cell.
Telophase II: Newly forming gametes are haploid, and each chromosome now has just one chromatid.
SCIENCE PLEASW HELP ME
According to the cell theory, cells make up every biological entity; they are the basic building block of life, and all life originates from earlier forms of life.
What are the three tenets of the theory of cells?1) Cells make up all living things. 2) All of the existing cells were created by other live cells. 3) The simplest form of life is the cell.
Who coined the term "cell theory" and what is it?Theodor Schwann put forth the classic cell theory in 1839. This theory consists of three components. Including the first section, cells make up all organisms. The basic building blocks of life are cells, according to the second section.
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Why can't calico cats reproduce?
Answer:
How do calicos reproduce? Due to their unique genetic makeup (and the fact that male calico cats are born sterile), calico cats cannot actually be bred. Rather, nature produces these colorful kitties randomly.
Explanation:
What does a plant life cycle start with?
its a plant dawg think smarter not harder ✊
Do whales breathe oxygen or carbon dioxide?
Whales are mammals, not fish. This means that, like all land mammals, they breathe oxygen through their lungs.
Whales and dolphins are mammals, and like us, they breathe air into their lungs. Because they do not have gills, they cannot breathe underwater like fish. Whales are mammals just like humans. Therefore, they have lungs and breathing air on their surface. It cannot extract oxygen from water like fish do with their gills. Whale inhalation is "conscious". The respiratory function of these animals is under the voluntary control of the central nervous system "CNS".
Whales accumulate carbon in their bodies during their long lifespans. When they die, they sink to the bottom of the ocean. Each large whale binds an average of 33 tons of carbon dioxide and removes this carbon from the atmosphere over centuries. Trees, on the other hand, only absorb up to 48 pounds of CO2 per year
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who is the ultimate authority on ethical issues?
Answer: There is no single ultimate authority on ethical issues, and different individuals and groups may have different approaches and sources of guidance for resolving them. The resolution may depend on the context, values, and beliefs of those involved.
Explanation:
(⌐■_■)
What happens to the 3 carbon sugar that exits the Calvin cycle?
By carbon fixation, 3-PGA molecules are transformed into glucose molecules, which are simple sugar molecules.
It corresponds to the second phase of Calvin's cycle. By carbon fixation, 3-PGA molecules are transformed into glucose molecules, which are simple sugar molecules. Energy for this stage is provided by ATP and NADPH generated during the light-dependent activities of photosynthesis. Thus, the Calvin cycle is a mechanism through which plants convert solar energy into compounds like sugars that may be stored for a long period. ATP and NADPH provide the sugars with their energy.
This procedure is referred to as reduction because 3-PGA molecules get electron transfers to produce glyceraldehyde-3 phosphate.
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Unikonta is a supergroup that includes all of the following except _____.
A) fungi
B) protists
C) animals
D) plants
Numerous protists are included in the supergroup unikonta together with mammals and fungi. Amoebas make up a large portion of Unikont protists.
Which of the following categories of eukaryotes is not one of the four?Organisms called eukaryotes have nuclei and cell organelles that are both membrane-bound. Eukaryotes make up every kingdom except from Kingdom Monera.
What are the four protist supergroups?The largest eukaryotic subcategories, known as eukaryotic supergroups, have been identified. The eukaryotes can be split into four groups since there are currently four of them. The archaeplastida, SAR, excavata, and unikonts, also known as Amorphea, are described here.
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fresh shell eggs must be refrigerated upon receipt, at an ambient temperature of ____
In order to receive raw eggs, refrigeration equipment that keeps the surrounding air at or below 7°C (45°F) is required.
How should shell eggs be kept at room temperature?45 degrees Fahrenheit According to regulations published in 9 CFR 590.50 by the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture, shell eggs intended for human consumption must be transported and stored in refrigeration at a temperature of 45 degrees Fahrenheit (7.2 degrees).
Which temperature is the warmest for shell eggs to be received?These amendments require that shell eggs packed for consumption be transported and stored at a temperature of 45°F (7.2°C) or less under refrigeration.
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Please help I don't understand them
The first reaction in the image is hydrolysis reaction and the second one is condensation reaction.
What is chemical reaction?The process of changing one group of chemical compounds into another is referred to as a chemical reaction.
A condensation reaction is a kind of chemical reaction in organic chemistry where two molecules join to produce one molecule, typically with the loss of a minor molecule like water.
The process is also referred to as a dehydration synthesis if water is lost during it.
The hydrolysis reaction is the reverse of a condensation reaction and involves two molecules (often H2O) reacting to form two distinct molecules.
Hydrophobic compounds can't dissolve or mix with water. Hydrophobic substances are those that naturally repel water, resulting in the formation of droplets.
Thus, as in the first reaction, water molecule is used to break the bond so it is hydrolysis, as well as the removal of water molecule in second reaction shows condensation reaction.
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When you don't consume enough protein, your body will start using your muscles and organs as a source of protein. T/F
It is true when you don't consume enough protein, your body will start using your muscles and organs as a source of protein.
A structure composed of amino acids. The body need proteins to function properly. They serve as the building blocks for several bodily components, including the skin, hair, and enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies.
A severe protein deficiency can hinder children's growth, contribute to fatty liver and skin, induce edema, and worsen infections. True deficiency is uncommon in affluent nations, although a low intake can lead to muscular atrophy and an increased risk of fractures.
Additionally, a lack of protein over time might cause you to lose muscle mass, which will reduce your strength, make it more difficult for you to maintain your balance, and slow down your metabolism.
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What is the purpose of the world on the turtle's back?
The purpose of the world on the turtle's back is because they think that there must be both good and evil in order to keep the world in a state of equilibrium.
According to tradition, the creator goddess severed the cosmic turtle's legs and used them to raise the sky after another god had harmed them. Even if it doesn't exactly put a terrapin at the center of the cosmos, it nonetheless places one there to keep the sky from collapsing.
The nice and the evil are not always what they seem to be, and vice versa, since there is always something within each and every person that can pull them in any direction. as shown in "A World on a Turtle's Back," a short fiction.
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What are the three functions of cilia?
The major functions of the cilia are locomotion, attachment, feeding and sensation.
About CiliaThe ciliary apparatus is connected to cell cycle progression and proliferation, and cilia play a vital part in human and animal development and in everyday life.
The length of a single cilium is 1-10 micrometres and width is less than 1 micrometre.
Cilia are broadly divided into two types. They function separately and sometimes together:
'Motile' (or moving) cilia are found in the lungs, respiratory tract and middle ear. These cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion. They work, for instance, to keep the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily and without irritation. They also help propel sperm.
Primary cilia appear typically as single appendages microtubules on the apical surface of cells and lack the central pair of microtubules (e.g. in kidney tubules).
In the kidney, for example, cilia bend with urine flow and send a signal to alert the cells that there is a flow of urine.
In the eye, non-motile cilia are found inside the light-sensitive cells (photoreceptors) of the retina. These cilia act like microscopic train-tracks, and allow the transport of vital molecules from one end of the photoreceptor to the other.
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How do glands of the endocrine system help your body maintain homeostasis?