assume that life on Mars requires cell potential to be 100mV, and the extracellular concentrations of the three major species are following (mmol/L): Na : 145; K : 4; Cl- : 120. Choose one species and assume that other two probabilities are zero. Design the cell by calculating the intracellular concentration of the chosen species.
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:
From the information given:
The cell potential on mars E = + 100 mV
By using Goldman's equation:
[tex]E_m = \dfrac{RT}{zF}In \Big (\dfrac{P_K[K^+]_{out}+P_{Na}[Na^+]_{out}+P_{Cl}[Cl^-]_{out} }{P_K[K^+]_{in}+P_{Na}[Na^+]_{in}+ P_{Cl}[Cl^-]_{in}} \Big )[/tex]
Let's take a look at the impermeable cell with respect to two species;
and the two species be Na⁺ and Cl⁻
[tex]E_m = \dfrac{RT}{zF} In \dfrac{[K^+]_{out}}{[K^+]_{in}}[/tex]
where;
z = ionic charge on the species = + 1
F = faraday constant
∴
[tex]100 \times 10^{-3} = \Big (\dfrac{8.314 \times 298}{1\times 96485} \Big) \mathtt{In} \Big ( \dfrac{4}{[K^+]_{in}} \Big)[/tex]
[tex]100 \times 10^{-3} = 0.0257 \Big ( \dfrac{4}{[K^+]_{in}} \Big)[/tex]
[tex]3.981= \mathtt{In} \Big ( \dfrac{4}{[K^+]_{in}} \Big)[/tex]
[tex]exp ( 3.981) = \dfrac{4}{[K^+]_{in}} \\ \\ 53.57 = \dfrac{4}{[K^+]_{in}}[/tex]
[tex][K^+]_{in} = \dfrac{4}{53.57}[/tex]
[tex][K^+]_{in} = 0.0476[/tex]
For [Cl⁻]:
[tex]100 \times 10^{-3} = -0.0257 \ \mathtt{In} \Big ( \dfrac{120}{[Cl^-]_{in}} \Big)[/tex]
[tex]-3.981 = \ \mathtt{In} \Big ( \dfrac{120}{[Cl^-]_{in}} \Big)[/tex]
[tex]0.01867 = \dfrac{120}{[Cl^-]_{in}}[/tex]
[tex][Cl^-]_{in} = \dfrac{120}{0.01867}[/tex]
[tex][Cl^-]_{in} =6427.4[/tex]
For [Na⁺]:
[tex]100 \times 10^{-3} = 0.0257 \Big ( \dfrac{145}{[Na^+]_{in}} \Big)[/tex]
[tex]53.57= \Big ( \dfrac{145}{[Na^+]_{in}} \Big)[/tex]
[tex][Na^+]_{in}= 2.70[/tex]
Related Questions
Which of the following is an advantage of asexual reproduction? O Asexual reproduction produces greater genetic variation than does sexual reproduction. O Asexual reproduction cannot contribute to the growth of multicellular organisms, whereas sexual reproduction can. O Asexual reproduction allows genes to be shuffled more readily than does sexual reproduction. O Asexual reproduction can produce huge numbers of offspring in a short time
Answers
Answer:La reproducción asexual permite que los genes se mezclen más fácilmente que la reproducción sexual
Explanation:
Answer:
O Asexual reproduction can produce huge numbers of offspring in a short time
A. Label each step in the water cycle, using the words condensation,
evaporation, precipitation, and solar energy.
an
Answers
Answer:
The first one that points to the arrows under the sun is solar energy. The second one that points to the arrows below the could is evaporation. The third one that points at the cloud is condenstaion. The fourth one that points to the rain is precipitation.
Explanation:
Solar energy: Energy from the sun
Evaporation: The process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapor.
Condensation: Water which collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it. (MAKES CLOUDS)
Precipitation: Rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground.
The “start” codon is ___-___-___
Answers
Answer:
The start codon is the first codon of a messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript translated by a ribosome
Explanation:
The start codon is the initial signal for translation that is found on a messenger RNA (mRNA) strand. The start codon,then, tells,the ribosome where to begin the process of translation on the mRNA molecule.
40 POINTS ! compare and contrast the six nutrients of life (water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals). with the names of the six nutrients along the top and the following headings along the side: role in nutrition, degree of difficulty of digestion, cost (high or low and why), chemical makeup (for example, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen), main dietary sources, and how much is needed daily by a dairy cow, sheep, goat, and pig.
Answers
The World Health Organization (WHO) note that essential nutrients are crucial in supporting a person’s reproduction, good health, and growth. The WHO divide these essential nutrients into two categories: micronutrients and macronutrients.
Micronutrients are nutrients that a person needs in small doses. Micronutrients consist of vitamins and minerals. Although the body only needs small amounts of them, a deficiency can cause ill health.
Macronutrients are nutrients that a person needs in larger amounts. Macronutrients include water, protein, carbohydrates, and fats.
Keep reading for more information about where to find these nutrients, and why a person needs them.
The six essential nutrients are vitamins, minerals, protein, fats, water, and carbohydrate
Help
(1)THE BEGGAR: (outside) Bread. Bread. Give me some bread.
(2)THE KING: Ah! He is crying out again. His voice seems to me louder than it was before.
(3) THE SERVANT: Yes! He seems quite hungry.
(4) THE KING: That is not my business.
(5)THE SERVANT: Should I not perhaps fling him a crust from the window?
(6)THE KING: No! To feed a beggar is always foolish. Every crumb that is given to a beggar is an evil seed from which springs another fellow like him.
The playwright includes the metaphor in paragraph 6 to -
A. convey the king’s reason for not giving away food to beggars B. highlight the king’s change of heart C. suggest that the king only cares for himself D. compare the bread requested to seeds from something evil
Answers
URGENT
what are the steps of photosynthesis
Answers
Explanation:
Step 1-Light Dependent
CO2 and H2O enter the leaf
Step 2- Light Dependent
Light hits the pigment in the membrane of a thylakoid, splitting the H2O into O2
Step 3- Light Dependent
The electrons move down to enzymes
Step 4-Light Dependent
Sunlight hits the second pigment molecule allowing the enzymes to convert ADP to ATP and NADP+ gets converted to NADPH
Step 5-Light independent
The ATP and NADPH is used by the calvin cycle as a power source for converting carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into simple sugar glucose.
Step 6-Light independent
The calvin cycle converts 3CO2 molecules from the atmosphere to glucose
what is the symbiotic relationship that exists between the pseudoscorpions and the beetle.
Answers
Answer: One of the larger male pseudoscorpions will prevent other males from boarding the beetle, but will happily allow females on, in the hope of mating with them before they reach their destination. This is a symbiotic relationship.
Which two photos best show waves being transmitted through matter? (I don't have a picture, if you're taking/took the test, you'd know)
Answers
Answer:
A and D
Explanation:
The picture of the person in water and the guy with the cup.
pls help on the question below
Answers
#3
step by step:
a.
Alternative energy sources like solar and wind power
are always available
b. are only replenished with human intervention
are renewable
d. are more versatile than fossil fuels
C.
Answers
Answer:
are only replenished with human intervention are renewable
Renewable alternative energy sources like solar and wind power only need human interaction to refill themselves. As a result, choice B is the right one.
Alternative energy sources are ways of producing energy that are more environmentally responsible, renewable, and sustainable than conventional fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. The significance of creating and utilising alternative energy sources has increased as concerns over the depletion of non-renewable resources and the effects of climate change become more and more apparent. Numerous alternative energy sources are being investigated and used globally due to technological breakthroughs and rising global awareness.
To know more about alternative energy sources, here:
https://brainly.com/question/28172884
#SPJ6
what is the complementary strand of ACTAACGGTAGCTAGC
Answers
Please help Your friend claims that genetics has nothing to do with evolution. You disagree
with your friend. Use evidence and explain why genetics is connected to
evolution
Answers
Answer:
Evolution is a process, that results in changes in the genetic material of population over time. Evolution, reflects the adaptations of organisms to their changing environment and can result in altered genes, novel traits, and new species.
Evolutionary processes, depend on both changes in genetic variability and changes in allele frequencies over time.
In a phospholipid bilayer, the polar heads point——water and the nonpolar tails point—- water
Answers
Answer:
The water loving heads (hydrophilic) would point towards water whereas the water hating tails (hydrophobic) would point away from the water
Explanation:
Q. If a trait A exists in 10% of a population of an asexually reproducing species and a trait B exist in 60% of the same population, which trait is likely to have arisen earlier ?
Q. What factors could lead to the rise of a new species ?
please help in my assignment work due 15mins.
Answers
➜ Trait B is likely to have arisen earlier in a population of an asexually reproducing species.
➜ These are the factors that could lead to the rise of a new species:
Genetic variation.Natural selection.Reproductive isolation.20. Which of the following bacteria is considered coliform?
A. E. coli
B. Proteus
C. Salmonella
D. Shigella
21. The Enterotube is used to distinguish between:
A. Staphylococcus and Streptococcus
B. Proteus and Salmonella
C. Bacteria and Fungi
D. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria
22. What type of specimen is used to inoculate an Enterotube?
A. Throat swab
B. Stool
C. Urine
D. Blood
E. Sputum
23. Which bacteria gives positive test for urease when growing on urea broth?
A. Proteus
B. Enterobacter
C. Salmonella
D. Shigella
24. Which bacteria gives positive test for decarboxylase when growing on lysine broth?
A. Proteus
B. Enterobacter
C. Salmonella
D. Shigella
25. The Lethal Effect of UV light is specifically caused by
A. UV –A
B. UV-B
C. UV-C
D. Infrared
Answers
Answer:
20. D
21. A
22. c
23. C
24. not sure
25. not D
Explanation:
im not sure with all of them
Question 17 (1 point)
(06.07) Which of the following best describes the male and female reproductive structures of an angiosperm? (4 points)
a
Flowers with male stamens that hold pollen and female pistil that holds the ovule.
b
Male and female cones, and the pollen from a male cone fertilizes the egg in a female cone.
c
Sporangia release spores that grow into male plants with pollen and female plants with ovules.
Answers
Answer:
C Sporangia releases spores that grow into male plants with pollen and female plants with ovules
A dichotomies key for insects is given. To what order does an insect with two pairs of scaly wings belong
Answers
Answer:
Explanation:Spruce
help plss
Q: What is the blue crab population trend between 1990 and 2008?
Q: Do you think counting the number of adult female crabs gives a good representation of the population? Why or why not?
Q: Do you think the population counts in 1991 and 1999 are accurate? Why or why not?
Answers
Answer:
1) the trend ) it is a negative correlation showing that the population is going down
2) yes as the female crabs give birth and are needed to reproduce. If there are less female crabs the population will go down
Explanation:
Labrador retrievers are traditionally black, brown, or yellow. The B allele codes for black fur, and the b allele codes for brown fur. The E allele allows the pigment to be deposited in the fur, while the e allele doesn't allow the pigment to be deposited. If one lab has the genotype bbee, and another lab has the genotype BbEe, what is the chance that an offspring will be brown
Answers
Answer:
25% of offspring will be brown
Explanation:
4 out of 16 of will be brown
to convert this to a percentage do:
4 ÷ 16 × 100 = 25
Punnett squares are in the image
Brown offspring are circled
What are inputs and outputs of photosynthesis?
Answers
Answer:
In photosynthesis, water, carbon dioxide, and energy in the form of sunlight are inputs, and the outputs are glucose and oxygen.
Osmosis Scenario: Fluid movement into the brain after traumatic brain injury can result in dangerous brain swelling. One treatment that can be used in some of these cases is adding a ______________ (hypertonic or hypotonic) saline. Remember, you are trying to reduce the excessive fluid in the brain.
Answers
14. Which are the most common gases emitted by
volcanoes?
A. hydrogen and helium
B. oxygen and nitrogen
C. water vapor and carbon dioxide
D. chlorine and hydrogen
Answers
Answer:
The most common volcanic gases are water vapor and carbon dioxide
Explanation:
Why are Sunlight and nutrient levels asexual
Answers
Answer:Sexual reproduction allows them to produce fit offspring that can survive under stressed environmental condition
Explanation:Reproducing sexually and asexually allows fungi to adjust as per the environmental condition.
When the conditions are favorable, they reproduce asexually and increase their number but when the condition are not favorable and environmental selective pressure occur then they undergo genetic variation through sexual reproduction to produce a stable and fit offspring that could survive under stressed condition with limited resources.
Asexual reproduction Since there are plenty of resources, the plant will want to reproduce quickly and colonize the area
HEEELP! I will give brainliest and profile thanks to the best answer!
We protect our homes and gardens from pests (insects), you protect your small business with an alarm system, you protect your health by having insurance and eating well and taking appropriate medication --so why would you not protect your ranch in any way possible from predators? Why are some ranchers resistant?
Answers
Answer:
because some crops need other animals to grow like with bees and humming bird they are considered predators but they help plants by spreding seeds.
Explanation:
which sre characteristics of All living thi things
1.Grow
2. have the capacity to evolve
3.breath
4. respond to stimuli
5. made of cells
Answers
Answer:
I think it's choice 5. because all living things are made up of cells.
If you cross two heterozygous (Yy) pea plants, what proportion of the offspring will be heterozygous?
Answers
Answer:
2/4 = 50% of the offsring will be heterozygous
Answer: 50%
Explanation: If You mak a Punnet Square, or just a 2x2 box with a Y and y on both sides, you'd get 1 YY (25%), 2 Yy (50%), and 1 yy (25%) offspring.
Help with junior biology assignment.
Answers
Answer:
1.
a)dd
b) dd
c) 0%
2.
a) 25%
b) 75%
c) 25%
3.
a) 03
b) 0
c) tt
4.
a) FF x ff OR FF x Ff OR FF x FF
b) Because all the children have freckles
5.
a) 4:0
b) 100%
6.
a) 50%
b) Bb
c) 3 out of 6 (including parents)
What kind of solution (hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic) is distilled water compared to the cell cytoplasm?
Answers
Answer:
i dont remember honestly
Explanation:
can anyone help me please
Answers
Which of Earth's systems are humans part of?
A) atmosphere
B) the hydrosphere
C) the part of the biosphere that doesn't include the biota
OD) the biota portion of the biosphere
Answers
Answer:
C) The part of biosphere that doesn't include the biota
Explanation:
Humans are part of the biosphere, although they are increasingly responsible for the creation of systems that may be largely artificial (such as cities).