Answer: 51
Explanation:
Given
Output is 23 V
The square armature side is [tex]a=5.1\ cm[/tex]
Magnetic field [tex]B=0.5\T[/tex]
Rate of revolution [tex]n=55\ rev/s[/tex]
Angular speed
[tex]\omega =2\pi n\\\omega=2\pi \times 55=110\pi\ rad/s[/tex]
Peak voltage is given by
[tex]E_{peak}=NB\omega A\quad [\text{N=Number of windings; A=area of cross-section}]\\\\N=\dfrac{E_{peak}}{B\omega A}\\\\N=\dfrac{23}{0.5\times 110\pi\times (0.051)^2}\approx 51[/tex]
So, there are approximate 51 loops
In an experiment, a student measured the volume of a substance while the mass was changed. The student measured up to five kilograms. The graph of the data is plotted below.
A volume versus mass graph is shown with mass on the vertical axes from 1 to 10 kilograms and volume on the horizontal axis from 1 to 5 milliliters. A line from the origin through all points and beyond.
Which of the following is an error the student made in creating an accurate graph?
The axes and graph are based only on measured values.
The axes are labeled with the incorrect variables.
The plotted points do not show all data collected.
The title has the incorrect order for the variables.
Answer:
let the first point be a second be b third be c fourth be d and last point be e.
The point a and d are incorrect. because tye plotting of the is incorrect
An acrobat of mass ma jumps upwards off a trampoline with an initial velocity vg . At a height h0, the acrobat grabs a clown of mass mg . Assume that the time the acrobat takes to grab the clown is negligibly small. a) What is the velocity of the acrobat immediately before grabbing the clown?
b) What is the velocity of the acrobat immediately after grabbing the clown?
c) How high do the acrobat and clown rise? How high would the acrobat go in the limit that the mass of the acrobat is much heavier than the mass of the clown?
d) If the acrobat missed the clown, how high would the acrobat go? How does this compare to your limit in part c)?
The velocity of the acrobat immediately before grabbing the clown is three times as much mass is in the larger portion and than in the smaller piece, m2 due to air resistance .
How would one describe air resistance?Air resistance is the name for the force that air produces. The force acts in the opposite direction when an object is flying through the air. A truck with a flat forward will experience significant air resistance in comparison to a sports car with a streamlined design.
the velocity of the acrobat immediately after grabbing the clown is twice then before grabbing the clown.Why does air resistance exist?Air resistance is a function of the object's speed, area, and shape as it moves through the atmosphere. Altitude, temperature, and humidity all have an impact on air resistance and density.
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In this figure, why is the kinetic energy gained by the falling ball equal to the change of potential energy? (Assuming no loss of energy due to friction.)
Kinetic energy gained by the falling ball is equal to the change of potential energy is because mechanical energy remains conserved ,it only converts from one form to another form.
The mechanical energy stays rationed when just inner powers follow up on the body and no outside powers are in real life. It implies that motor and potential might continue to change all through the excursion. Be that as it may, their total is steady at each point.
The forces are moderate, i.e., they don't rely upon the way of the moving article and are just subject to the beginning and last position. For instance, the gravitational power is moderate in nature, though the opposition presented via air is non-moderate in nature as it relies upon the way.
From the diagram,we can see that object has potential energy =mgh because of height h.When it was dropped from height h potential energy starts decreasing and kinetic energy starts increasing because of velocity attained by the body.Since mechanical energy is conserved,therefore kinetic and potential energy is equal.
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suppose that two capacitors (cl and c2) are connected in series. choose the expression for the sum of the energies stored in these capacitors.
the sum of the energy stored in these two capacitors (cl and c2) is given by the formula ((q2)/2) *((1/c1)+(1/c2))
What is the function of a capacitor?A capacitor is a device used to store electrical energy that is composed of two conductors that also are spaced apart but close enough to touch. An easy illustration of a storage device is a parallel-plate capacitor.
Condensers: Why are they crucial?The primary purpose of capacitors is really to store electrostatic power in an electric field and release it when the circuit needs it. To prevent a potentially dangerous circuit failure, they let the AC through but stop the flow of DC.
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A block with mass M slides down an incline of angle θ at constant velocity v.
Which of the following expressions is equal to the magnitude of frictional force between the block and the incline? (Note: The acceleration of gravity g = 10 m/s2.)
A.M∙g∙sin θ
B.M∙g∙cos θ
C.M∙g / sin θ
D.M∙g / cos θ
Mgsin, As a result, at a state of dynamic equilibrium, the frictional force exerted on a mass sliding down an incline is proportional to the object's weight times the sine of the incline angle.
What are velocity and speed?In contrast to velocity, which describes the speed and direction of such an object's movement, speed is the speed of moves along a path. Alternatively, velocity is a vector while speed is a scalar quantity.
Is speed also known as velocity?A motion or activity has velocity when it moves quickly. Another term for speed is celerity, which is also a synonym. The measurement of an object's rate and direction of positional change is known as its velocity in physics.
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The resistors in the circuit below have the following values: R1 = 7.20 Ω, R2 = 7.00 Ω, and R3 = 4.10 Ω. The two batteries each have a voltage of 4.00 V.
The total voltage in the circuit is 8 V. Then, the current passing through the resistor R3 is 1.95 A. The power supply to this resistor by the batteries is 15.6 W.
What is Ohm's' law?According to Ohm's law, the voltage through a closed circuit is the product of the current passing through the circuit and resistance through it.
Hence, V = I R.
Given that the resistance through the resistor R3 = 4.10 Ω
The voltage across each batteries = 4 V
Total voltages = 4 + 4 = 8V
Current = voltage/ resistance
= 8 V/ 4.10 Ω
= 1.95 A.
Power through a circuit is the product of current and voltage through it.
P = I V
Power supplied to R3 = 1.95 A × 8 V = 15.6 W.
Therefore, the power supplied by the batteries to the resistor R3 is 15.6 W.
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While operating around buildings, the remote PIC should be aware of the creation of wind gusts that
answer choices
— change rapidly in direction and speed causing turbulence.
— enhance stability and imagery.
— increase performance of the aircraft.
The remote PIC should be aware of the wind gust because of a) the rapid change in direction and speed which causes turbulence.
The wind gust is a sudden short-term increase in wind speed. According to US weather observation practice, a gust is reported when the maximum wind speed reaches at least 16 knots and the difference between the maximum wind speed and the light wind speed reaches at least 9 knots. Wind forces can disrupt a building's load path or pierce the building's skin. Doors and windows can burst in really high winds. In other cases, nearby debris can be caught in the wind and flung into the building's envelope.
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16. The diagram shows a design for an electrically operated model railway signed. a) Explain, step by step, how it works. b) Explain how, by adding a scale and a spring, you could use it as an ammeter.
Answer:
Below
Explanation:
When the switch is closed the circuit is complete....the coil in the circuit will act as a solenoid magnet and draw the iron in thus raising the sign.
The magnetic domains of an unmagnetised object are found___________A.) Parallel to each otherB.) Perpendicular to each otherC.) Pointing towards southD.) Pointing in different direction
All of the magnetic domains in an unmagnetized item, such as the original piece of metal in our experiment below, point in different directions.
When a metal gets magnetized, as when it is rubbed with a strong magnet, all like magnetic poles line up and point in the same direction. Atoms in ferromagnetic materials form formations known as domains. A domain is an internal region of a material in which groups of magnetic moments spontaneously align in the same direction. When the external field is withdrawn, the domain walls are pinned in their new orientation, and the aligned domains generate a magnetic field. This is what happens when a ferromagnetic material is "magnetized" and transformed into a permanent magnet.
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For the chain: linear density =ρ, length =l. The chain is placed on the smooth plane. As shown in the figure, the drooping length =b, the chain is stationary at this moment (v=0). Then, under the action of the gravity, the chain drop freely. Determine the speed of the chain when the left end of leave the plane.
For the chain: linear density =ρ, length =l. The chain is placed on a smooth plane. The speed of the chain when the left end leaves the plane is the same as its initial speed, which is zero.
What is speed?Generally, To determine the speed of the chain when the left end leaves the plane, we need to consider the forces acting on the chain and use Newton's second law to find the acceleration of the chain.
The forces acting on the chain are the force of gravity and the normal force from the plane. The force of gravity is downward and is equal to the weight of the chain, which is given by the equation:
Fg = mg
where m is the mass of the chain and g is the acceleration due to gravity. The normal force from the plane is upward and is equal to the force of gravity, since the chain is stationary at this moment.
Newton's second law states that the acceleration of an object is equal to the net force acting on it divided by its mass. Therefore, the acceleration of the chain is given by:
a = (Fg - Fn)/m = (mg - mg)/m = 0 m/s^2
Since the acceleration of the chain is zero, the speed of the chain does not change as it drops.
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CQ not found
WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST PLS HELPPP !!!
A 2,713 kg van runs into the back of a 843 kg compact car at rest. They move off together at 6.9 m/s. Assuming the friction with the road is negligible, calculate the initial speed of the van.
The initial speed of the van of mass 2713 kg is 9.04 m/s.
What is speed?Speed is the ratio of distance to time.
To calculate the initial speed of the van, we use the formula below.
Formula:
u = V(m+M)/m................. Equation 1Where:
u = Initial speed of the vanm = Mass of the vanM = Mass of the carV = Common speed of the van and the carFrom the question,
Given:
V = 6.9 m/sm = 2713 kgM = 843 kgSubstitute these values into equation 1
V = 6.9(2713+843)/(2713)V = 6.9×3556/2713V = 9.04 m/sHence, the initial speed of the van is 9.04 m/s.
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200 grams of ice at -10 c is added to 1000 grams of room temperature water to cool it down. which of the following best describes the final composition of the mixture
At 0 °C, combine 200 grams of ice with 1000 grams of liquid. The following relational models overall final composition of a mixture at 6.7 °C:
How are compositional mixes and compounds defined?Atoms from various elements are chemically mixed in a predetermined ratio to form a compound. When there is no biochemical combination or reaction, two or more chemicals are combined to form a mixture. Different elements are found in compounds in fixed ratios organised in predetermined ways by chemical bonds.
Is a mixture's composition subject to change?A mixture is a chemical that has a varied composition, indicating that it is made up of different sorts of molecules or atoms. These might have intermolecular bonds or bonds among molecules, but these are far weaker than the bonds created when elements combine to form compounds.
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A certain type of glass is used in making flat-panel computer monitors. For light with a wavelength in air of 656.3 nm, the refractive index of the glass is nA = 1.5160. For light with a wavelength in air of 435.8 nm, nB = 1.5290. Determine the difference, lA - lB, in their wavelengths inside the glass.
The answer is 147.9 nm. Can you please show the work? Thanks
nB = 1.5290 for light having a 435.8 nm air wavelength. The difference, lA - lB, in their wavelengths inside the glass is 221.4nm.
The refractive index of a medium is defined as the speed of light in a vacuum (c) divided by the speed of light in the medium (v). This can be expressed mathematically as:
= n
= c / v
The wavelength of light in a medium is related to its frequency (f) and its speed in the medium (v) according to the following equation:
= lambda
= v / f
where lambda is the wavelength of the light in the medium.
We can use these equations to find the difference in the wavelengths of the two types of light inside the glass. Letting lA and lB represent the wavelengths of the light with wavelengths 656.3 nm and 435.8 nm inside the glass, respectively, we can set up the following equation:
for nA
= nA
= c / v
= c / (f x lA)
for nB
= nB
= c / v
= c / (f x lB)
Dividing the eq. we know:
=> nA / nB = (f x lB) / (f x lA)
= lB / lA
Inserting the known values for nA, nB, and lA, we get:
=> 1.5160 / 1.5290 = lB / 656.3 nm
Solving for lB, we find that lB = 434.9 nm.
The difference in the wavelengths inside the glass is then:
=> lA - lB = 656.3 nm - 434.9 nm
= 221.4 nm
Therefore, the difference in the wavelengths of the two types of light inside the glass is 221.4 nm.
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argue that this value of the field will be the same at all positions of the bar to the right of the midpoint of the rails. at other points along the bar, the field is in the same direction as at the midpoint, but is larger in magnitude. assume the average effective magnetic field along the bar is five times larger than the field at the midpoint.
This argument is valid because the bar is a homogeneous linear conductor, and the magnetic field around it must be constant.
What is magnetic field?A magnetic field is a region of space in which a magnetic force is exerted on any magnet, electric current, or magnetic material. It is created by an electric current, such as the electric current in a wire. It is also created by the motion of electric charges, such as those found in an electromagnet. The strength of the magnetic field increases as the electric current increases. The direction of the magnetic field is determined by the direction of the electric current.
The field at any point along the bar is proportional to the current passing through it, which remains constant for a homogeneous conductor. Therefore, the field at any point along the bar must be the same as at the midpoint, just with a larger magnitude. This implies that the average effective magnetic field along the bar is five times larger than the field at the midpoint.
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How much work is done on a 6.4N box of books that you move horizontally across a 6.1 meter room?
Answer:
39.04 J
Explanation:
Definition of work
[tex]W=fd[/tex]
[tex]W=[/tex] Work
[tex]f=[/tex] force
[tex]d=[/tex] displacement
In this case,
[tex]f=6.4[/tex]
[tex]d=6.1[/tex]
[tex]W=6.4*6.1[/tex]
[tex]W=39.04[/tex]
Why should the temperature of mammals be regulated
Because mammals are warm blooded.
What is the range of a projectile?
The range of a projectile is the horizontal distance the projectile travels from the time it is launched to the time it comes back down to the same height at which it is launched.
Answer:
Explanation:
The horizontal displacement of the projectile is called the range of the projectile. The range of the projectile depends on the object's initial velocity.
9. In the two-factor theory of intelligence, what does the s-factor stand for?
specific ability
spatial ability
special ability
score factor
He explains two components of intelligence: the "g" factor (general ability) and the "s" factor (specific ability). The "g" factor of a person's general mental tasks, while the "s" factor is solely intellectual skills.
What does the S factor of intelligence mean?certain g and s abilities. According to Spearman's two-factor theory, intelligence is divided into two categories: general intelligence ("g") and specific ability ("s"). Spearman proposed that the "s" component was particular to a certain feature of intelligence to account for variations in performance on various tasks.
What does biology's S factor mean?S component Individual factors, or empirically the tiniest subclusters of intercorrelations or common variance, are identified in several intelligence tests (specific). The most recent update was on September 30, 2022. Features of the "S" Factor: It is absorbed and learned from the surroundings. Within a single person, it varies from activity to activity. Each person has a different level of "S" ability.
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2a) A 50 kg sled is pulled across a frictionless surface by a rope with a tension of 30 N at an angle of 30 degrees from the horizontal. Determine the normal force on the sled.
(keep in mind that a portion of the force of tension is in the vertical direction... therefore the normal force will not be the full force of gravity).
2b) Determine the sleds acceleration in the horizontal direction.
PLEASE HELP MEEEEE
(a) The normal force on the sled is 490 N.
( b ) The sleds acceleration in the horizontal direction is 0.52 m/s².
What is the normal force on the sled?
The normal force on the sled is the upward force on the sled due to weight of the sled acting downwards.
The normal force on the sled is calculated as follows;
N = mg
where;
m is the mass of the sledg is acceleration due to gravityN = 50 kg x 9.8 m/s²
N = 490 N
The acceleration of the sled is calculated by applying Newton's second law of motion as shown below;
Fx = ma
F cosθ = ma
a = Fcosθ / m
where;
θ is the inclination of the applied forcea = ( 30 N x cos30 ) / ( 50 )
a = 0.52 m/s²
Thus, the acceleration of the sled is a function of net force and mass of the sled.
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In which of the following situations is the gravitational force the dominant force? Select two answers. A A satellite is in orbit around a planet. B An object is in free fall just after it is released from rest. C An electron and a proton are bound together in an atom. D A proton and a neutron are bound together in an atom's nucleus.
As soon as something is liberated from rest, it enters free fall. AND An orbiting satellite is subject to the gravitational pull of a planet.
What do you mean by gravitational?Rising and falling ocean tides are a result of the moon's gravitational pull. Strong movement or a natural propensity toward something or someone, whether or whether it is related: A lot of research has been done on their gravitational pull toward harmful conduct.
What does the name "gravitational force" mean?Any two mass-bearing objects are drawn together by the gravitational pull. Since the gravitational force never attempts to push masses away, it is said to as attractive since it constantly seeks to draw masses together.
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You decide to visit Santa Claus at the north pole to put in a good word about your splendid behavior throughout the year. While there, you notice that the elf Sneezy, when hanging from a rope, produces a tension of 415 N in the rope.
If Sneezy hangs from a similar rope while delivering presents at the earth's equator, what will the tension in it be? (Recall that the earth is rotating about an axis through its north and south poles.)
While distributing gifts near the equator, Sneezy will be hanging on a rope with a comparable tension of 413.56 N.
String tension is T = mg at the poles.
where T= tension (N or kg-m/s2)
9.8 m/s2 is the acceleration caused by gravity (g).
m=Tension ÷ gravity
= 415 ÷9.8 kilogram
= 42.34 kilogram
The value of g has now changed at the equator. Earth's rotation causes g to become g'
g' = g - (w^2)×R
w = angular velocity of earth = 7.29×10^-5
R = radius of earth = 6371000metre
Now, the tension
mg' = mg - mw^2 R
= 415 − 42.34×6371000×7.29×10^-5×7.29×10^-5
= T'= 415-(42.34×6371000×7.29(10^(-5)) ×7.29×(10^(-5)))
T' =413.56 N
Gravity: In physics, gravity—also known as gravitation—is the constant force of attraction that pulls all things together.
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What method do you use to purify water contaminated with salt and microorganisms
The water purification procedure, such as filtration, sedimentation, distillation, etc.
Which method of purification disinfect water from microorganisms?Analysis of the reduction in microbes that is enough to protect against the transmission of pathogens in water is debated below. Chlorination is the most widely used method for disinfecting water supplies in the United States.
The most efficient way to desalinize salt water is by using a method called distillation. This is where you boil the water and then assemble the condensation. The steam will provide fresh salt-less water for you to drink.
So we can conclude that Chlorination is the activity of adding chlorine to drinking water to kill parasites bacteria and viruses.
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The figure depicts the motion of a particle moving along an xâaxis with a constant acceleration. The figure's vertical scaling is set by xs =6.0m. What are the magnitude and direction of the particle's acceleration?
The given question is incomplete. Hence, can not be answered. Still, adding some relevant information for your reference.
What is acceleration?
In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of an object's velocity with respect to time. Acceleration is a vector quantity (as long as it has magnitude and direction). The direction of an object's acceleration is given by the direction of the net force acting on that object.
For example, if a vehicle starts from rest (zero velocity in the inertial frame) and moves in a straight line while increasing speed, the vehicle accelerates in the direction of travel. When the vehicle turns, it experiences acceleration in a new direction and changes its motion vector. Acceleration in the vehicle's current direction of travel is called linear (or tangential, in the case of circular motion) acceleration, and the passenger perceives that response as pushing back into the seat.
The given question is incomplete. Hence, can not be answered. Still, adding some relevant information for your reference.
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Write the equation for the velocity component in the x-direction?
Answer:
The equation for the velocity component in the x-direction is : vx(t) = v(0) Cosθ.
Explanation:
here v(0) is the initial velocity
HELPPPPPPPPPPPP PLLSSSSSSS
The Mars rover, Spirit, has a mass of 836 kg.
Calculate its weight on Earth.
Answer:
The weight of an object is a measure of the force of gravity on the object. It is calculated by multiplying the mass of the object by the acceleration due to gravity. On Earth, the acceleration due to gravity is approximately 9.8 meters per second squared (m/s^2).
Therefore, to calculate the weight of the Mars rover Spirit on Earth, we can use the formula:
weight = mass * acceleration due to gravity
In this case, the mass of the Mars rover is 836 kg, and the acceleration due to gravity on Earth is 9.8 m/s^2. Plugging these values into the formula, we get:
weight = 836 kg * 9.8 m/s^2
This simplifies to:
weight = 8194.8 kg*m/s^2
The weight of the Mars rover Spirit on Earth is approximately 8195 kg*m/s^2.
at a given temperature, the values of rate constants for the forward and reverse reaction are ____ and the ratio of k is equal to the ____ constant for the reaction.
The ratio of k is equal towards the temperature constant for such reaction constants at a certain temperature, and the values of the rate constants for the forward or reverse reactions are concentrations at that temperature.
What are forward and reverse reactions?A forward response is a reversible reaction wherein products are created from reactants so it moves from left to right. A reversible reaction that moves from right to left is referred to as a backward reaction since reactants are created from products.
What do you call a reversible reaction?In some oxidation processes, the reaction's products might combine to form the reactants' original form. Reversible reactions are what they are referred to as. To illustrate them, use the formula: A + B C + D.
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The values of the rate constants for the forward or reverse reactions are concentrations at that temperature, and the ratio of k is equal towards the temperature constant for such reaction constants.
Why is a reaction reversible?
A chemical reaction that is reversible occurs when the reactants generate products, which then combine to return the reactants to their original state.
When the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the reverse reaction are equal, equilibrium is reached. At equilibrium, the concentrations of all the reactants and products are fixed. The amount of reactant to product in a chemical reaction can be compared to derive the equilibrium constant, which is used to predict chemical behavior. The rate constants are fixed at some temperature.
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an ideal vapor-compression refrigeration cycle operates at steady state with refrigerant 134a as the working fluid. saturated vapor enters the compressor at 2 bar, and saturated liquid exits the condenser at 8 bar. the mass flow rate of refrigerant is 7 kg/min. determine
the refrigeration capability, in tons, is 4.905 tons, the coefficient of performance, in kW, is 4.17 KW, and the compressor power, in kW, is 4.1336 KW.
Describe the compressor formula.Electrical Expense = HP *.746 * hours * Kw cost * motor efficiency. As an illustration, consider a 50 HP compressor that consumes $.06 per Kwh of electricity and has a 90% efficiency electric motor. $5,172.26 is the yearly cost for 50 HP multiplied by.746 over 2,080 hours.
Compressor definition and operationIn order to create energy which can be kept in a tank for later use, air compressors work by applying pressure to atmospheric air. Similar to an open balloon, when the compressed air is purposefully released, pressure builds up, transforming the potential energy into productive kinetic energy.
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A car with mass m is travelling around a flat circular track. the coefficient of static friction between the tires and track is 0.90. which of these changes is the most likely to cause the car to skid off the track? (for each change, assume that all other factors remain constant)
Change in friction force and acceleration is the most likely changes to cause the car to skid off the track when the coefficient of static friction between the tires and track is 0.90.
What is a friction example?Walking - When we walk on the ground or a surface, our feet are kept firmly planted by the frictional force. We frequently slip on icy or slippery surfaces due to there is less friction present.What is friction means in science?Between the two surfaces which are sliding or attempting to slide over one another, there is a force named friction. For instance, friction makes it challenging to push a book down the floor. Friction always moves an object in the direction that is counter to the direction that it is traveling or attempting to move.
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An ant starts at one edge of a long strip of
paper that is 30.8 cm wide. She travels at
0.6 cm/s at an angle of 40◦ with the long edge.
How long will it take her to get across?
Answer in units of s.
it take the ant 68.9 seconds to get across the other edge of a long strip.
How do we calculate for velocity?If the ant is moving at a constant speed, the velocity vector will have the same magnitude at any point, and can be decomposed in two vectors, along directions perpendicular each other.
So then, if we choose these directions coincident with the long edge of the paper, and the other perpendicular to it, the components of the velocity vector, along these axes, can be calculated as the projections of this vector along these axes.
We only are interested in the component of the velocity across the paper, that can be calculated as follows:
vₓ = v* sin θ, where v is the magnitude of the velocity, and θ the angle that forms v with the long edge.
We know that v= 0.6 cm/s, and θ = 40º, so we can find vₓ as follows:
vₓ = 0.6 cm/s x sin 40 º
Vx = 0.6 cm/s x 0.7451 = 0.447 cm/s
Applying the definition of average velocity, we can solve for t:
time = 30.8 cm/ 0.447
time = 68.9 seconds
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Verify that the quantity (k/N)Inr, where In,) is equal to the (mean) entropy of the given system. Show that this leads to essentially the same result for In T if we take, in the foregoing summation, only the largest term of the sum, namely the term Wint) that corresponds to the most probable distribution set. ISurprised? Well, note the following example: For all N, the summation over the binomial coefficients N!/Ir! (N-r!)l gives CNG, 2 r-0 therefore nCNIn2. Now, the largest term in this sum corresponds to r N/2; so, for large N, the logarithm of the largest term is very nearly equal to In(N!)-2In((N/2)!) N, N which agrees with (a).J
Because one mole of H X 2 is typically lighter than N e, it stands to reason that it would have a higher entropy than N e. Ne, on the other hand, is thought to have a higher entropy due to its lower molar mass.
A chemical equation can be examined for changes in physical states and the number of moles of product and reactant particles to predict relative changes in entropy using the same factors on a macroscopic level.
The species with the greater molar mass between two monoatomic ones will have a greater standard entropy. The more mobile of two allotropic forms of an element will have a higher standard entropy value. The entropies of these substances are not zero, despite the fact that their conventional internal energies and enthalpies would be. The "energies of formation" of elements in their normal states are typically set to zero because there is no absolute scale of energy.
Entropy, on the other hand, gauges the distribution of energy among the numerous quantum states that can accept it; they exist even in pure substances.
Evidently, entropies often rise with molecule weight. This is, of course, a direct reflection of the fact that translational quantum states are more densely packed in heavier molecules, making them more occupiable, for the noble gases.
The additional impacts of rotational quantum levels are visible in the entropies of the diatomic and polyatomic molecules.
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