The two species must have shared a common ancestor 320 million years ago, since the neutral mutation rate of the molecular clock is one mutation per 40 million years and the two species differ by a total of eight mutations.
A molecular clock is a tool used by scientists to estimate the time since two species have shared a common ancestor. This is done by measuring the number of genetic differences, or mutations, between the two species. The molecular clock is based on the assumption that the mutation rate is constant.
In this case, we know that the neutral mutation rate of the molecule being used as a molecular clock is one mutation per 40 million years. This means that for two species to have a difference of eight mutations, it must have been at least 320 million years ago that they shared a common ancestor.
To arrive at this conclusion, we can use the following formula:
Number of mutations × Neutral mutation rate = Time since common ancestor
In this case, 8 mutations × 40 million years = 320 million years. This means that two species must have shared a common ancestor at least 320 million years ago for them to have a difference of eight mutations.
The molecular clock can be a powerful tool for scientists to estimate the time since two species have shared a common ancestor. In this case, the neutral mutation rate of the molecule was known and used to calculate that two species must have shared a common ancestor at least 320 million years ago.
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What is the chance in percentage (%) that the child being homozygous for the trait?
A homozygous recessive (AA) kid has a 25% chance of being unaffected, a heterozygous (Aa) carrier child has a 50% probability, and a homozygous homozygous (AA) child has a 25% chance.
A genetic disorder or characteristic can be transferred from parent to kid via autosomal dominant inheritance. The genetic disease can be brought on by one copy of a mutant (changed) gene from one parent. A mutant gene-carrying parent has a 50% chance of passing it on to their kids.
Four of the 16 potential gamete pairings from a SsYy x SsYy cross are viable. When the genes (also known as alleles) that regulate how a feature develops are paired in exactly the same ways, the trait is said to be homozygous. Being heterozygous for a trait means having several alleles for that trait. A homozygous characteristic will always show itself in the same way.
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Which experiment would most likely contain experimental bias?
A.
A student tests the attraction of bees to flowers by placing four different flowers in the same location and counting how many bees visit each.
B.
A chemistry class performs an experiment in which each reaction has the same amount of starting material and begins at the same temperature.
C.
A lab performs a test by giving bacterial colonies the same amount of different antibiotics and growing them under the same conditions.
D.
A company that makes pain relief medication tests the effectiveness of their own medicine compared to that of three other brands.
The experiment which would most likely contain experimental bias is a company that makes pain relief medication tests the effectiveness of their own medicine compared to that of three other brands which is therefore denoted as option D.
What is an Experiment?This is referred to as a procedure which is usually carried out in the laboratory and it is used to support or refute a hypothesis.
Experimental bias on the other hand is the tendency of a scientist or researcher to introduce bias into an experiment through unconsciously affecting the results, data etc. This is because they would want to get values which would show that their drugs are more effective and suitable for use so as to promote more sales and is the reason why some form of bias may be introduced into the findings which was why it was chosen as the correct choice.
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What is the summary of Mendel's principles?
Gregor Mendel discovered the basic laws of heredity through the study of peas. He concluded that genes come in pairs and are inherited as separate entities, one from each parent. Mendel traced the segregation of parental genes and their appearance in offspring as dominant or recessive traits.
Mendel's four postulates and laws of heredity are: (1) the principle of pair factor, (2) the principle of dominance, (3) the law of germline segregation or purity (Mendel's first law of inheritance) and (4) the law of independent selection (Mendel's second law of inheritance).
Mendel generalized the results of his pea experiment into his three principles that explain the genetic basis of diploid organisms. they are: the principle of segregation, the principle of dominance, and the principle of independent assortment.
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Which of the following statements is true?
a) The world's population is equally distributed.
b) Over 90% of population growth occurs in rural areas.
c) Almost one-third of the world's population has limited access to clean water.
d) The most populous countries are the United States and China.
20 points
Over 90% of population growth occurs in rural areas.
What is Population?
The term "population" refers to all citizens who are either permanently residing in a country or who are just passing through. This indicator reveals how many people typically reside in a certain area.
Growth rates are the population changes that occur each year as a result of births, deaths, and net migration.
The total population also includes national military forces deployed overseas, merchant mariners at sea, diplomatic staff based abroad, civilian foreign nationals residing in the nation, and internally displaced people residing in the nation.
Therefore, Over 90% of population growth occurs in rural areas.
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Cobalamin, more commonly called vitamin B12, ______________________________. Question 50 options: is found abundantly in plant foods. when taken as a supplement, will increase metabolic functions, such as endurance performance. was one of the first parts of the B complex group to be discovered. is essential int he synthesis of DNA and in the development of red blood cells.
Cobalamin, or vitamin B12, is a water-soluble vitamin that is essential for human health. It is found abundantly in animal-derived foods, such as fish, meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products, but it is not found in plant-based foods.
It is one of the first vitamins to be discovered and is part of the B-complex group of vitamins. Vitamin B12 plays a vital role in the synthesis of DNA, red blood cell development, and metabolic functions, such as endurance performance. When taken as a supplement, it can help to increase metabolic functions, such as endurance performance. It is also important for maintaining healthy nerve cells, as well as a healthy immune system.
Vitamin B12 deficiency can lead to anemia, fatigue, and cognitive decline. Therefore, it is important to ensure adequate intake of this essential vitamin, either through dietary sources or supplements. It is important to note that vitamin B12 is only found in animal-derived foods, so vegans and vegetarians should consider taking a vitamin B12 supplement to avoid deficiency.
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simple sugars, like glucose, can be combined to make more complex larger sugar molecules like fructose and complex carbohydrates
true or false
Answer: true
Explanation:
What are F1 and F2 genotypes?
F1 generation is the first filial generation, whereas F2 generation is the second filial generation obtained by crossing the F1 generation.
F1 is the first filial generation obtained by crossing two different parents. The parents are different from one another; one is homozygous dominant for both qualities, while the other is homozygous recessive. For both features, all of the progeny exhibit dominant traits. It is crucial for hybridization because it produces offspring with the best traits from both parents. Outbreeding depression, or decreased fitness in the progeny as a result of a cross between two distant parents, is occasionally observed in the F1 generation.
The F1 generation was self-crossed to produce the second filial generation. Both features are heterozygous in the parents. The generation displays a 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio. It is crucial for preserving a pure line or for keeping the qualities stable across several generations. Inbreeding depression in the F2 generation, when the offspring have a lower survival and fertility rate, might result from ongoing inbreeding of the F1 generation.
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Select the statements that describe brain injuries.Brain injuries only affect the brain.
Brain injuries can occur when the brain’s oxygen or glucose supply is interrupted.
Brain injuries can only be caused by physical trauma.
Brain injuries can be caused by infection or intoxication.
Option B, C. Brain injuries can be caused by both physical trauma and non-physical causes such as infection or intoxication.
Physical trauma to the head, such as a blow or a jolt, can cause a brain injury. Examples of traumatic brain injuries include concussions, contusions, and skull fractures. These injuries can result from falls, car accidents, sports injuries, or other types of accidents. In addition to physical trauma, brain injuries can also be caused by non-physical factors such as infection or intoxication. Infections such as meningitis and encephalitis can cause inflammation and swelling in the brain, leading to brain injury. Intoxication from alcohol or drugs can also cause brain injury by affecting the brain's ability to function properly. It's important to note that brain injuries can also be caused by a combination of physical trauma and non-physical factors. For example, a person who suffers a traumatic brain injury may also develop an infection or become intoxicated, which can further complicate their recovery.
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The term that refers to the presence of a tuft of flagella emerging from a single site is ______.
A. amphitrichous
B. lophotrichous
C. peritrichous
D. atrichous
E. monotrichous
Vlophotrichous Cell Biology describes tufts of flagella that are located near the cell pole.
How do flagella work? What are they made of?Flagella are tiny organelles that resemble hairs and aid in cell movement. In Latin, "flagellum" means "whip." A cell is helped to move through the fluid by the flagella, that resemble whips. Only a few number of organisms have special flagella that serve as sensing organs for temperature and pH changes.
What is a flagella cell?The flagellum's main purpose is to promote chemotaxis and movement. Bacteria can have one or more flagellums, and they can also be peritrichous or bipolar (containing several flagella at a single site) (having multiple flagella throughout the entire bacterium).
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If R is dominant to r, the offspring of the cross of RR with rr will: a. have the same phenotype as the RR parent. b. have the same phenotype as the rr parent. c. have the same genotype as the RR parent. d. be homozygous.
As a result, the progeny will still have the homozygous gene rr. As a result, the offspring will share both parents' genetics and phenotypic.
What does genotype imply in its entirety?The term "genotype" broadly refers to an organism's genetic make-up; in other words, this characterizes an organism's whole gene pool. The phrase can also be used to refer to a gene's alleles, or variant forms, in a more specific meaning.
Is the genotype AA typical?Typically, there are five (5) distinct blood genotype kinds. AA, AS, Ad, SS, & SC are their names. While the first pairs (AA and or AS) are typical, AC is uncommon, and the last two (SS, SC) are atypical and irregular, frequently resulting in sickle cell disease.
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What features of mature forest species, such as oak trees, make them able to dominate and compete in the ecosystem
They require a long time to become exceptionally tall interminably. They give an overhang to conceal the others and give natural surroundings to many living with widely varied vegetation.
Notwithstanding trees, each progressive local area harbors numerous other living things, with the best variety populating the peak local area. Comparative biological zonings happen among marine widely varied vegetation, reliant upon such environmental variables as a base organization, accessibility of light, and level of saltiness.
Particular logging is a more environmentally maintainable practice than clear-cutting, which involves eliminating all trees simultaneously. The thought behind particular logging is to keep lopsided or all-matured timberland of trees fluctuating in age as well as in size and species also.
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Which viral life cycle would result in a quicker death for an infected cell? a. Retroviral cycle b. Prophage cycle c. Lysogenic cycle d. Lytic cycle
While the lysogenic cycle results in the integration of the phage into to the host genome, the lytic cycle produces the death of such host.
How does the lytic cycle work?In a lytic cycle, the virus transfers its genome it in to a host cell and starts replication by seizing control of the host's cellular machinery. When the infection is finished, the host cell is lysed, releasing the freshly duplicated and assembled viral proteins into the coastal waters.
Why is the lytic cycle named that?The lysis phase, which takes place after a virus has invaded a cell, produced new viral particles, and ruptured the cell membrane, is what gives the lytic cycle its name. In order to infect other cells, this causes the new vesicles, or viral complexes, to be released.
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What is the end result of the Calvin cycle ?
At the conclusion of the calvin cycle, the ATP and NADPH molecules still contain the energy that was initially derived from light.
Adenosine triphosphate provides the energy that cells use and store. The nucleoside triphosphate structure of ATP is composed of the nitrogenous base ribose sugar, which also comprises an adenine base. ATP plays a crucial role in the entry and exit of macromolecules like proteins and lipids from the cell. Effective transportation mechanisms that are propelled by the energy generated during ATP hydrolysis move these particles through a concentration gradient.
As a result, the light-derived energy is still present in the ATP and NADPH molecules at the end of the calvin cycle.
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In ( Blank ) interference, the energy of the combined wave is greater than the energy of each of the two waves.
In constructive interference, the energy of the combined wave is greater than the energy of each of the two waves.
A wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude is created when two waves merge through interference by combining their displacements at all points in space and time. The interaction of waves that are coherent or correlated with one another, either because they originate from the same source or because their frequencies are similar or almost identical, leads to both constructive and destructive interference.
According to the principle of superposition of waves, the consequent amplitude at a place where two or more waves of the same kind are incident is equal to the vector sum of the amplitudes of the individual waves. Constructive interference occurs when the crests of two waves with the same frequency cross at the same location. In this case, the amplitude of each wave is equal to the sum of its individual amplitudes. Destructive interference occurs when the peak of one wave collides with the trough of another wave, resulting in an amplitude equal to the difference between the separate amplitudes.
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What are 3 characteristics of Earth that make it inhabitable?
It is at the proper distance from the Sun, and has a magnetic field that shields it from solar radiation.
What is Earth?Earth has an insulating atmosphere that keeps it warm and contains the correct chemistry for life, including carbon and water.
The lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core are possible divisions of the Earth's layers based on rheology. Living things can live thanks to the structure of Earth.
Therefore, while the sun produces heat and keeps the earth from freezing, the moon affects the tides and provides a supply of water.
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Recently, researchers from Stanford University have changed mouse skin cells into mouse nerve cells. This was accomplished by inserting genes that control the synthesis of certain proteins into the skin cells. This type of research is often successful in advancing knowledge regarding the functioning of human cells because:
In this examination, the compound courier would be the yeast-glucose arrangement. The yeast-glucose arrangement would have the option to change the pH of the fluid in the cup since it contains a substance that can do as such.
in the event that an end is legitimate, comparable examinations by different researchers ought to bring about a similar end. which proclamation best depicts a theory?
Homeostasis is a unique balance that is kept up within body tissues and organs. It is dynamic since it is continually acclimating to the progressions that the frameworks experience.
As the yeast benefits from sugar, it produces carbon dioxide. With no spot to go except for up, this gas gradually fills the inflatable. A very much-like cycle occurs as the bread rises. Carbon dioxide from yeast fills great many inflatable-like air pockets in the mixture.
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What gene controls fur color?
Scientists have identified a gene, DKK4, that helps regulate the early development of different coat patterns in domestic cats. The team believes that DKK4 is likely involved in color patterns in all cats, and possibly other mammals as well.
A cat with a dominant color (black, red, calico, etc.) needs a parent to indicate the dominant color. Her two parents with recessive colors (cream, blue, etc.) cannot produce offspring with dominant colors (black, red, etc.).
A co-dominant red gene (O/o) found on the X chromosome determines whether there is a red variation in coat color. This gene encodes pheomelanin. The dominant O allele encodes an orange tone, while the recessive O allele encodes non-orange pigmentation (black or brown).
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between earthquakes and tsunamis?
A
An underwater earthquake can cause a tsunami.
B
Both are the result of big volcanic explosions.
C
Tsunami waves are the main cause of earthquakes.
D
Earthquakes prevent tsunamis from occurring
Option A. An underwater earthquake can cause a tsunami best describes the relationship between earthquakes and tsunamis.
What is an underwater earthquake or tsunami?An underwater earthquake or tsunami is a phenomenon in which an earthquake under the aquatic enviroment (i.e. the ocean) may cause the movement of higher waves that are transported to the coastline and thus they may cause neutral disasters, it is for that reason that tsunami is very dangerous and we need to be prepared under this type of situation when alerting the presence of an earthquake in the coastline zones.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that an underwater earthquake or tsunami is a natural phenomenon that may lead to climatic disasters and may be very harmful to human populations located on the coastline of a certain region of the earth, thereby we need to be prepared for these situations.
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Part A According to data presented in this chapter, which of the following statements is correct? Species are created independently of each other and do not change over time. The traits of populations become more perfect over time O Individuals -not populations -change when natural selection occurs. O When individuals change in response to challenges from the environment, their altered traits are not passed on to offspring. SubmitR Request Answer Provide Feedback
The correct statement is c)Populations - not individuals - change when natural selection occurs..So,correct option is c.
Natural Selection follows up on a life form's aggregate, or noticeable elements. Aggregate is many times to a great extent a result of genotype (the alleles, or quality forms, the living being conveys). At the point when an aggregate created by specific alleles helps organic entities make due and duplicate better compared to their friends, normal determination can build the recurrence of the supportive alleles starting with one age then onto the next - that is, it can cause microevolution.
Some important steps involved in evolution of natural selection
Natural Selection can cause microevolution (change in allele frequencies), with wellness expanding alleles turning out to be more normal in the populace.Wellness is a proportion of conceptive achievement (the number of posterity an organic entity leaves in the future, comparative with others in the gathering).Natural Selection can follow up not entirely settled by elective alleles of a solitary quality, or on polygenic (still up in the air by numerous qualities).Natural Selection not entirely settled by different qualities might appear as balancing out choice, directional determination, or troublesome choice.Hence,correct choice is c.
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(Complete question) is:
According to data presented in this chapter, which one of the following statements is correct?
a. When individuals change in response to challenges from the environment, their altered traits are passed on to offspring.
b. Species are created independently of each other and do not change over time.
c. Populations - not individuals - change when natural selection occurs.
d. The traits of populations become more perfect over time.
Which anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species?
a. short fingers and toes
b. pointy teeth
c. long legs
d. large eye orbits
The anatomical feature would you expect to find in the fossil remains of a nocturnal species is large eye orbits.
What anatomical characteristics might you anticipate to see in the fossilized remains of a nocturnal species?Comparatively larger eyes and bony orbits are characteristics of nocturnal (active at night) species as opposed to diurnal species. The bony orbits of primate skulls exhibit significant structural variations in addition to size variations.
Nocturnals are animals that are active at night. These animals possess a unique trait called night vision that enables them to see in the dark! Animals use their night vision to locate food or elude predators. A few nocturnal animals also have keen hearing or smell senses.
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What are some examples of mollusks and what makes them different from each other?
Mollusks are classified into various classes like Gastropod, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda, and Polyplacophora .
Gastropods have a special characteristics that includes spirally-coiled external shell while others mollusks usually have a flattened shell, and many of them doesn't possess any shell as outer structure.
Four common characteristics that all mollusks share , are having soft bodies, a mantle, a visceral mass, and the foot. The phylum Mollusca has many distinctive features and special characteristics, which include a mantle cavity, visceral mass, foot, and radula. Mantle is the cavity which is used for breathing and excretion purpose , radula is longue like structure that helps in sensory and food grasping purpose.
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The diagram below shows the ways cells can release energy from food depending on if
oxygen is available.
Using the diagram below, respond to the following:
**Reference that Photosynthesis Summary sheet we first saw in lesson #1 to help
you with this!!
1. Which step(s) takes place if oxygen is available?
2. Which step(s) take place if oxygen is not available?
3. Do we make more ATP when the process is aerobic or anaerobic?
4. Which specific step of aerobic cellular respiration makes the most ATP?
Answer using complete sentences.
Glycolysis
Overview of Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 +6026CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP
Oxygen present
Oxygen not present
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
Lactic acid fermentation
Alcohol fermentation
1
+10
When oxygen is available, the Krebs cycle will run, and in the absence of oxygen, fermentation will run, and the most ATP will form in the ETC, and the majority of the ATP is derived from aerobic respiration.
What is the role of aerobic respiration?The role of aerobic respiration is to produce most of the ATPs by using oxygen, and then, in the electron transport chain, the maximum amount of ATP is generated, whereas fermentation happens in less oxygenic conditions.
Hence, when oxygen is available, the Krebs cycle will run, and in the absence of oxygen, fermentation will run, and the most ATP will form in the ETC, and the majority of the ATP is derived from aerobic respiration.
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Chloroplasts are a specialized structure that
convert sunlight into energy. Which cell type
requires these?
Plant or Animal
Answer:
Plant cells
Explanation:
The purpose of the chloroplast is to make sugars that feed the cell's machinery.
Answer:
Plant Cells require Chloroplasts.
Explanation:
A chloroplast is an organelle ( an organ within a cell) of a plant cell, who's main purpose is to convert energy from the Sun into chemical potential energy, otherwise known as photosynthesis.
A landowner plans to harvest a large area of pine trees to sell for lumber. How can
the landowner best sustain the pine trees as a natural resource?
A The landowner should consult a forester and replant the land with pine trees.
B The landowner should leave a few trees and let the land regenerate
naturally.
C The landowner should replant the land with corn or soybeans.
D The landowner should plant a few genetically altered trees.
Few trees should be left standing, and the landowner should let nature take its course.
Can a forest naturally regrow?A forest can quickly undergo organic regeneration through the growth of grass and herbs. By allowing deforested areas to remain unattended for a long time, the regrowth of forests can happen spontaneously and without the help of humans.
Regeneration of natural resources?Old stands must be left alone or have had afforestation rehabilitation and been given time to mature to the point of generating seeds in order for natural regeneration to occur. The majority of Central and Eastern European nations as well as Scandinavian nations are like this.
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Please answer all and make sure they are correct!!!!!!!! 50 POINTS
I know its a lot sorry..... :(
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Name all the Five Extinctions.
When did they happen?
What are the causes?
What are the top three groups that became extinct?
What is a coal gap?
What is a coral gap?
Which is the biggest extinction?
How many years did it take for the ecosystems to recover after the Permian Triassic Mass Extinction?
Which mass extinction is the briefest among all five mass extinctions?
How big was the hole created by the asteroid when it hit the earth?
Which mass extinction had the biggest deep ocean extinction?
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
!!!!! 50 POINTS !!!!!! !!!!! 50 POINTS !!!!!! !!!!! 50 POINTS !!!!!!
Please make sure your answer is correct!! Thank you.
Ordovician end (444 million years ago; mya), Devonian, late (360 mya), Final Permian (250 mya), People frequently confuse the end of the Triassic period (200 mya) for the extinction of the dinosaurs.
What is mass extinction?
End of the Cretaceous (65 million years ago), the dinosaur extinction catastrophe. The primary reason for contemporary extinctions is habitat destruction.
Permian and the beginning of the Triassic periods, some 250 million years ago, Earth went through its worst environmental catastrophe ever.
The crater's diameter and depth are estimated to be 180 kilometers (110 miles) and 12 miles.
Therefore, around 252 million years ago, the end of the Permian epoch was marked by the greatest extinction in Earth's history.
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Approximately how many plant made pharmaceuticals are currently under different stages of discovery?
a.
100
b.
200
c.
300
d.
400
the leaf-like structure that protects a developing flower bud until it opens as a fully formed flower is called a what
Sepals is a leaf-like structure that protects a developing flower bud until it opens as a fully formed flower.
What is a Sepal?
A sepal is a part of the flower that is typically located at the base of the petals. Sepals form a protective layer around the bud and are usually green in color. They are typically small and leaf-like and provide support and protection for the flower. Sepals can also be used to identify different species of flowers.
They are usually found in pairs or in a whorl of four or five, and they help to protect the delicate petals and reproductive organs at the center of the flower. They also support the flower and keep it upright. Sepals open up as the flower blooms, allowing the petals to open and the reproductive organs to be exposed.
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The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a cell structure that cnssits of folded membraes that contain ribosomes. What is the advantage of the folded membranes
The correct option is B The inner membrane is folded to generate cristae to improve the mitochondrion's capacity to manufacture ATP.
These folds allow substantially more electron transport chain enzymes and ATP synthase to be packed inside the mitochondrion.
he membrane. The more the folds the more the surface area to which more ribosomes can attach. The ribosomes are organelles responsible for the manufacture of protein in cells. Thereafter, the proteins are properly folded by the mediation of chaperones in the lumen of the RER.
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Full Question ;
The rough endoplasmic reticulum is a cell structure that consists of folded membranes that contain ribosomes. What is the advantage of the folded membranes?
A) decreases surface area in order to produce more Proteins
B) increases surface area in order to produce more proteins
C) increases volume of endoplasmic reticulum in order to produce more energy
D) decreases volume of the endoplasmic reticulum in order to make more energy
Match the descriptions to the correct type of fungi.
Fungi can be incredibly sophisticated multicellular organisms or single-celled critters.
What are Fungi?They can be found in almost any location, but the majority of them prefer to dwell on land, primarily in soil or on plant matter, as opposed to the sea or fresh water.
The decomposers are a group that thrives in the soil or on dead plant matter and is crucial to the cycling of carbon and other elements. Some are parasites of plants that spread illnesses like canker, rust, scabs, and mildew.
Fungal diseases in crops can cause the farmer to lose a lot of money. A very small percentage of fungi can make animals sick. These include skin conditions that affect humans including athletes foot, ringworm, and thrush.
Therefore, Fungi can be incredibly sophisticated multicellular organisms or single-celled critters.
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The complete question is :
1.has positive and negative mating strands, 2. has erect fruiting body and 3.the first fungi to evolve, 4.lives in a varied habitat and exhibits all forms of nutrition. A. chytrid---------------------- and B. common mold-----------, C. sac fungi-------------------, D. club fungi------------------
What is the most important significance of meiosis?
Gametes, or sex cells, which are needed for sexual reproduction are created during meiosis. It deactivates the sporophytic information while activating the genetic information for the production of sex cells.
Meiosis is, meaning "lessening," as it is a division through reduction) In sexually reproducing animals, is a specific form of cell division of germ cells that results in the gametes, such as sperm or egg cells.
It comprises two rounds of division, producing four cells with just one copy of each chromosome as a final product (haploid). Furthermore, genetic material from the paternal and maternal copies of each chromosome is crossed over prior to division, resulting in novel combinations of coding on each chromosome.
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