A chemist reported that 100 gallons of a gas were available in a laboratory, The property of the gas did the chemist report is volume option - D is correct answer.
Just what is volume?The space occupied by a three-dimensional object is measured using the scalar quantity known as volume. The volume of a liquid or gas is calculated using the container's capacity as the unit of measurement.
A state of matter known as gas lacks a consistent shape and a set volume. They are the least dense and have the most space between their moles.
A gallon is a unit of volume that is used in the American metric system. The volume of gas equals the sum of the moles of gas in the container, which contains 100 gallons of gas.
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A sample of fluorine gas at STP contains 4.088x10^24 atoms. What is the volume in liters of the sample?
Record your answer to 1 decimal place. Do not put units on your answer.
According to the concept of Avogadro's number and STP conditions volume in liters of the sample is 15,388.7.
What is Avogadro's number?Avogadro's number is defined as a proportionality factor which relates number of constituent particles with the amount of substance which is present in the sample.
According to the definitions, Avogadro's number depend on determined value of mass of one atom of those elements.It bridges the gap between macroscopic and microscopic world by relating amount of substance with number of particles.
Number of atoms can be calculated using Avogadro's number as follows: mass/molar mass×Avogadro's number
Number of moles is obtained as, number of atoms/Avogadro's number=4.088×10²⁴/6.023×10²³=6.78 moles on substitution in formula of PV=nRT=V=6.78×8.314×273/1=15,388.7 liters.
Thus, the volume is 15,388.7 liters of the sample.
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The solid xy decomposes into gaseous x and y: xy(s) m x(g) + y(g) kp = 4. 1 (at 0 °c) if the reaction is carried out in a 22. 4 l container, which initial amounts of x and y will result in the formation of solid xy?
The initial amounts of x and y required to form solid xy are 1 mol of x and 1 mol of y.
What is initial amount?The initial amount is the starting point for any financial transaction.
In order to calculate the initial amounts of x and y that will result in the formation of solid xy, the following equation must be used:
nx = ny * (4.1/kp)
where nx and ny are the moles of x and y, respectively, and kp is the equilibrium constant of the reaction.
Given the information provided, we can calculate the moles of x and y:
nx = ny * (4.1/4.1) = ny
ny = (22.4 L * 1 mol/22.4 L) = 1 mol
Therefore, nx = 1 mol and ny = 1 mol.
This means that if the reaction is carried out in a 22.4 L container, the initial amounts of x and y required to form solid xy are 1 mol of x and 1 mol of y.
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A team of scientists claim that they have discovered a new experimental
method for determining atomic mass. Which of the following is necessary for
the claim to be considered valid?
A. The atomic mass of an element according to the new method
must be greater than its previous measurement.
B. The method must work for all isotopes.
C. The atomic mass of an element according to the new method
must be less than its previous measurement.
OD. Another team of scientists must be able to replicate the results of
the experiment.
SUBMIT
For a team of scientists to claim that they have discovered a new experimental method for determining atomic mass, their claim is to be considered valid only if another team of scientists is able to replicate the results of the experiment.
In order for a scientific claim to be considered valid, it is important that the results of the experiment can be replicated by other researchers.
Replication means that other scientists should be able to obtain the same results using the same methods. This helps to ensure that the results are accurate and reliable, rather than being a fluke or an error.
Without the ability to replicate the results, it is difficult to have confidence in the validity of the claim, as it may be due to uncontrolled variables or other factors that cannot be reproduced. Ensuring that results are replicable is an important part of the scientific process and helps to build a strong foundation of knowledge.
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Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to:
a. acetyl-CoA.
b. carbon dioxide (CO2).
c. carbon monoxide and then to carbon dioxide.
d. none of the above.
e. water.
Almost all of the oxygen (O2) one consumes in breathing is converted to: b. carbon dioxide (CO2).
When we breathe in oxygen, it is used in cellular respiration, which is the process by which our body converts glucose and oxygen into energy in the form of ATP. In the process, the oxygen is combined with the hydrogen atoms from glucose to form water, and the carbon atoms from glucose are converted to carbon dioxide (CO2) as a waste product. Therefore, almost all of the oxygen that one consumes in breathing is converted to carbon dioxide (CO2).Breathing is the process by which an organism takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide. In humans and other mammals, this process is accomplished through the respiratory system, which includes the nose, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. When we inhale, air is drawn into the lungs through the nose or mouth, passing through the trachea and bronchi before reaching the alveoli, which are small air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
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PLS HELP ME WITH QUESTION 5 I NEED HELP ASAP
Answer:
30.5%
Explanation:
Read the following chemical equation.
Cl2 (g) + K+ Br− → K+ Cl− + Br2 (g)
What most likely happens during this reaction? (5 points)
Potassium loses an electron.
Potassium gains an electron.
Bromine loses an electron.
Bromine gains an electron.
In the chemical equation,Cl₂ (g) + K+ Br− → K+ Cl− + Br₂ (g) bromine looses an electron in the reaction.
What is chemical equation?Chemical equation is a symbolic representation of a chemical reaction which is written in the form of symbols and chemical formulas.The reactants are present on the left hand side while the products are present on the right hand side.
The first chemical equation was put forth by Jean Beguin in 1615.By making use of chemical equations the direction of reaction ,state of reactants and products can be stated. In the chemical equations even the temperature to be maintained and catalyst can be mentioned.
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What is the group number of the element in the periodic table?
a
1
b
2
c
13
d
15
The group number of the element in the periodic table is equal to 15 as it has five valence electrons. Therefore, .option D is correct.
What is a valence electron?Valence electrons can be explained as the electrons occupying the outer shell of an atom while the electrons placed in the inner shell are known as core electrons. Lewis structures of the elements can be helpful to calculate valence electrons and know the types of bonds.
Valence electrons can be filled in different shells, causing interaction between atoms and leading to the formation of chemical bonds.
The five elements have five electrons in their valence shell therefore it belongs to nitrogen family. The group number can be calculated as 10 + 5 = 15
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Show all the work and don't forget to show scientific notation!
In scientific notation, the result of multiplying an integer between 1 and 10 by a power of 10 is written.For instance, 650,000,000 can be represented as 6.5 108 in scientific notation.
Which four guidelines govern scientific notation?Always set the base to 10. The exponent must be an integer that is non-zero, therefore it can either be positive or negative. The absolute value of the coefficient must be less than ten and more than one.
What sort of notation would that be?a system of symbols for designating unique items. Example: In mathematics, the symbol "" stands for "infinity." There are many notations in mathematics.
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what are the two quantities in this module for which we will develop unit factors to do dimensional analysis with chemical substances?
Dimensional evaluation makes use of conversion elements to use the unit in an quantity into an equal amount expressed with a exclusive unit.
For example, a conversion aspect might be used to transform meters to centimeters. Dimensional evaluation (additionally referred to as aspect label approach or unit evaluation) is used to transform from one set of gadgets to another. This approach is used for each simple (ft to inches) and complex (g/cm3 to kg/gallon) conversions and makes use of relationships or conversion elements among exclusive units of gadgets. A conversion ratio (or unit aspect) is a ratio same to one. This ratio includes the names of the gadgets for use withinside the conversion. It may be used for conversions in the English and Metric Systems, in addition to for conversions among the systems. The conversion unit is primarily based totally upon the idea of equal values.
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what chemical is 60% of your food made up of? what 3 elements make up this chemical?
Carbohydrates, is 60% of what your food made up of and it is composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
What are carbohydrates?Carbohydrates are known to be the group of organic compounds that are an important source of energy for the body. They are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and are classified as simple or complex depending on their chemical structure. Monosaccharides, also called monosaccharides, include glucose, fructose, and galactose, and are found in foods such as fruit, table sugar, and honey. Complex carbohydrates, also called polysaccharides, contain starches and fibers and are found in foods such as grains, legumes, and vegetables. Carbohydrates play an important role in providing energy for the body, maintaining proper brain and nervous system function, and supporting tissue growth and repair.
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3. A student placed artificial cells, each containing a 25% sugar solution, into three different beakers containing sugar solution which varied in concentration from 0% to 25%. The setups are shown below. The student collected data on the mass of each artificial cell. The student predicted that the cell in the beaker with 25% sugar solution would have the greatest change in mass after 24 hours. Would his prediction be correct? Support your answer.
The student collected data on the mass of each artificial cell. The student predicted that the cell in the beaker with 25% sugar solution would have the greatest change in mass after 24 hours. The student's prediction would be correct.
Why would the prediction of the experiment be correct?The artificial cell placed in the beaker with 25% sugar solution would likely have the greatest change in mass after 24 hours because of osmosis.
Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration. In this case, the artificial cell has a semi-permeable membrane that allows water to pass through, but not sugar.
The 25% sugar solution in the beaker is less concentrated than the sugar solution inside the artificial cell, so water will move from the beaker into the cell, causing the cell to swell and increase in mass.
On the other hand, the artificial cells in the beakers with 0% and 12.5% sugar solutions will have less of a change in mass as the solution outside of the cell is more concentrated than inside the cell.
Therefore, the correct answer is as given above
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0.25 moles of a gas at 760 mmHg and 298 K are contained in a 6.1 L bottle. What is the pressure of the system if the amount of gas in the bottle is reduced to 0.13 mole and the temperature is reduced to 100 K?
The pressure in the container can be calculated using Ideal gas law. The pressure of the gas at the reduced temperature will be 0.17 atm.
What is ideal gas law?Ideal gas law states the relation between volume, pressure, temperature and number of moles of a gas as written below:
PV = nRT.
Where R is the universal gas constant equal to 0.082 L atm/ K mol.
Given , T = 100 K
n = 0.13 moles
V = 6.1 L
Then, P = nRT/ V
The pressure of the gas at 100 K with 0.13 mole is calculated as follows:
P = (0.13 mole × 100 K × 0.082 L atm/ K mol) / 6.1 L = 0.17 atm.
Therefore, the pressure of the gas is 0.17 atm.
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1. What is 16.2 kPa in atmospheres?
According to the question,16.2 kPa is equal to 0.16 atmospheres.
What is the atmospheres?
The atmosphere is the thin layer of gases and particles that surrounds Earth, protecting us from the sun’s harmful radiation and maintaining the planet’s temperature. It is composed of 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.9% argon, 0.03% carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases, as well as water vapour, dust, and other particles. The atmosphere works by trapping heat from the sun, allowing temperatures to remain relatively stable throughout the world. It also helps regulate the water cycle, ensuring that water remains available for life on Earth. The atmosphere also helps protect us from environmental hazards like ozone depletion and acid rain. In addition, it is home to many species of birds, insects, and other animals. Without the atmosphere, Earth would be a barren, lifeless planet.
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Write a balanced net ionic equation for a redox reaction that results in the formation of potassium chloride. (Assume that potassium chloride is not a starting material, and assume the reaction takes place in aqueous solution.)
2K + [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex] = 2KCl is the balanced net ionic equation for a redox reaction that results in the formation of potassium chloride.
Chlorine gas, Cl 2, will cause potassium metal, K, to burn, forming potassium chloride, KCl, an ionic molecule. This synthesis reaction is described by the following balanced chemical equation.
2K + [tex]Cl_{2}[/tex] = 2KCl
Consider this reaction to be a redox reaction as an alternative mental image. Here, chlorine gas is oxidizing potassium metal to produce potassium cations. Chlorine gas is converted into chloride anions during the process. The subsequent reaction between the potassium actions and the chloride anions will result in potassium chloride.
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Protactinium-234 has a half-life of 1 minute. How much of a 400. g sample protactinium would remain after 4 minutes
After 4 minutes, 200 g of protactinium-234 would remain.
What is protactinium-234?Protactinium-234 is a radioactive isotope of protactinium. It is a fission product that is produced when uranium atoms undergo fission. It has a half-life of 1.17 minutes and decays via beta-decay to uranium-234. It is the most stable isotope of protactinium and is found in very small quantities in uranium ore. The main uses for protactinium-234 are for research, nuclear medicine and nuclear power. In research, it can be used to study properties of fission products and to measure the efficiency of nuclear reactors. In nuclear medicine, it can be used to detect cancers and other conditions. Finally, it can be used in nuclear power plants to help regulate and control the flow of energy.
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A sample of gas has a pressure of 3.4 atm at 300 K in a container with a fixed volume. What will be the pressure (in atm) of this same sample of gas if the temperature is changed to 402 K
If the temperature is raised to 402 K, the pressure (in atm) of this given sample of gas will be 4.5.
Given,
Pressure P1 = 3.4 atm
Temperature T1 = 300 K
⇒ T2 = 402 K
⇒ P2 = ?
⇒ P1/T1 = P2/T2
⇒ 3.4/300 = P2/402
⇒ P2 = 4.5
⇒ Pressure = 4.5 atm
An atmosphere (atm) is a measuring unit that corresponds to the average air sea level pressure at 15 degrees Celsius (59 degrees Fahrenheit). One atmosphere consists of 1,013 millibars of pressure, or 760 millimetres (29.92 inches) of mercury.
Pressure is defined as the force exerted by one material on another per unit area. The force also that gas exerts on the container limits is defined as gas pressure. Gas molecules travel at random over the specified volume. They clash with the surface as well as each other during this movement.
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Calculate the number of molecules in 9.03 liters of carbon dioxide gas at standard temperature and pressure.
9.03 liters of carbon dioxide gas would contain 0.40 moles of carbon dioxide molecules. Since 1 mole of any gas contains 6.02 x 10^23 molecules, the number of molecules of carbon dioxide gas in 9.03 liters of carbon dioxide gas at STP would be 2.41 x 10^23 molecules.
What is molecules?Molecules are the smallest units of matter that can exist by themselves. They are composed of two or more atoms that are held together by chemical bonds. Molecules can be found in the air we breathe, the water we drink, and the food we eat. They can also be found in living organisms, like plants and animals. Molecules can be made of a variety of different atoms, such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen.
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What other factors of weather and climate are affected by elevation?
Answer:
Wind, Rain and Snow
Consequently, winds are stronger at higher elevations. Colder temperatures at higher elevations also create precipitation, because cold air can't hold as much moisture as warm air. Moisture condenses out of the air as snow and ice, and it falls back to the ground.
The factors that affect the weather and climate are latitude, altitude, wind, and distance from the sea.
What is climate?Climate can be described as the long-term weather pattern in an area, averaged over 30 years. Climate is the mean as well as the variability of meteorological variables over months to millions of years.
Some of the meteorological variables that are used to measure are temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind, and precipitation. The climate can be defined as the state of the components of the climate system, including the atmosphere, cryosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere, and the interactions between them.
The climate is affected by its latitude, terrain, altitude, land use, and water bodies and their currents. Climates can be classified based on the average and typical variables, most temperature, and precipitation. It is used in studying of the biological diversity and how climate change affects it.
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Which one of the following combinations of names and formulas of ions is incorrect? a. CIO 3 chlorate b. HCO 3 hydrogen carbonate c. NO 2 nitrate
Nitrate NO 2 It is inappropriate to use one of the following ions' names and formulas.
Chlorate's purpose is unknown.Herbicides, explosives, defoliants, paper, leather, dyes, matches, and inks are all made from it. It's also used to make cosmetics and medications. An inorganic salt of sodium with the counter-ion chlorate is known as sodium chlorate. It serves as both a herbicide and an oxidizing agent for bleaching paper.
Where can you find chlorate?Chlorate, an anion, can enter drinking water through a number of different causes, such as the use of hypochlorite or chlorine dioxide as disinfectants, the oxidation of hypochlorite or chlorite by ozone, and pesticide runoff or paper mill discharges that contaminate the source water.
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When you go to the doctor for an illness, the doctor asks you how you feel. You describe all your symptoms. Then, the doctor makes a hypothesis about which organ system is having problems. Read each set of symptoms below. Then, match each set of symptoms with the the appropriate organ system.
stomach ache, gassy, ___________________________
no appetite
sneezing all the time, runny nose, __________________________---
trouble breathing, coughing
having a very hard time remembering people's
names, feeling sad and anxious _______________________
seem to be catching every disease that comes around,
taking a long time to get better ________________________-
1. Respiratory System
2.Nervous System
3.Immune System
4.Digestive System
Stomach ache, gassy ,no appetite is related to problems with digestive tract while sneezing all the time, runny nose is related to respiratory system while having a very hard time remembering people's is related to nervous system while seeming to be catching every disease that comes around,taking a long time to get better is related to immune system.
What is digestive tract?
It consists of the gastrointestinal tract along with the accessory organs which are present in digestion process . It involves the breakdown of complex food into smaller components which can be easily assimilated and absorbed by the body.
The digestion process has 3 phases: cephalic phase , gastric phase and intestinal phase.Cephalic phase begins with secretion of gastric juices from gastric glands in response to sight and smell of food.It involves chewing and chemical breakdown of food by the action of digestive enzymes ,saliva in the mouth contain enzymes like lipase and amylase which are secreted by the salivary and serous glands present on the tongue.
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The temperature inside a pressure cooker is 117°C. Calculate the vapor pressure of water inside the pressure cooker. What would be the temperature inside the pressure cooker if the vapor pressure of water was 2.85 atm?
The vapor pressure of water at its boiling point 100°C is 1 atm. Then the pressure at 117°C is 1.17 atm and the temperature of water at a pressure of 2.85 atm is 285°C.
What is boiling point ?Boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it converts from liquid state to vapor state. At this temperature the vapor pressure of water vapor is equal to the atmospheric pressure that is 1 atm .
The temperature-pressure relation is written as:
P1 /T1 = P2/ T2
Now, the pressure inside the cooker at a temperature of 117°C is calculated as:
(1 atm × 117 °C) / 100 °C = 1.17 atm.
Thus, pressure at 117 °C is 1.17 atm. Then, If the pressure is 2.85 atm, then the temperature of water inside the pressure cooker is calculated as:
(2.85 atm × 117 °C) / 1.17 = 285 °C
Therefore, the temperature at 2.85 atm is 285 °C.
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world production of ammonia is now about 30 times greater than it was in 1950 suggest why the demand for ammonia is increased
There are a few reasons why the demand for ammonia has increased over time:
Population growth: The world's population has grown significantly over the past 70 years, and as the population has grown, so has the demand for food. Ammonia is a key ingredient in the production of fertilizers, which are used to help grow crops and increase food production. As the population has increased, so has the demand for fertilizers, which has contributed to the increase in the production of ammonia.Industrialization: As more countries have industrialized and developed, there has been an increased demand for ammonia to use as a feedstock in the production of chemicals, plastics, and other industrial products.Energy production: Ammonia can be used as a source of renewable energy, and there has been an increased demand for clean energy sources in recent years. This has led to an increase in the production of ammonia for use in energy production.Environmental concerns: Ammonia can be used to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and there has been an increased focus on finding ways to reduce environmental impact. This has led to an increase in the production of ammonia for use in environmental applications.Hope This Helps You!
Does reactivity increase or decrease from left to right among elements in a period?
Period. As you move from either the left to the right, reactivity rises. Group reactivity diminishes from top to bottom.
As you move from left toward right across a period, responsiveness declines. Higher reactivity is caused by the ease with which electrons can be given or snatched away as you move further to the left as well as along the periodic chart.
This is because the size of both the atomic radius expands as the quantity of electronic energy does. reducing the attractiveness of other elements' valence electrons lowers reactivity.
It happens because there are more valence shells and less interaction among valence pairs of electrons. Consequently, the propensity to take electrons from some of the other atoms declines. Atoms get more electronegative as they move through a period.
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if the density of hydrogen is 0.090 g l and its rate of diffusion is 5.93 times that of chlorine, what is the density of chlorine
The density of chlorine will be 3.163 g/L.
The mass of a substance per unit of volume is its density. According to Graham's law, a gas's rate of effusion is inversely proportional to its square root density. When a material's particles are concentrated in a low area, they tend to travel to the place where the concentration is highest. When we use perfume or a scented spray in one area of the room and subsequently can smell it throughout the entire space, that is a simple illustration of this process.
rate1 = H2 = 5.93
rate2 = Cl2 = 1
The molecular weight of H2 = 2.016
The molecular weight of Cl2 = x.
By Graham's Law:
5.93 / 1 = x / 2.016
35.1649 = x / 2.016
x = 70.89 g/mol
Determine gas density by volume
70.89 g / 22.414 L = 3.163 g/L
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QUESTION 2 What is the uncertainty (in % RSD) of a standard solution prepared by pipetting 20mL of a 0.2487 M (s
The formula for standard deviation is: = (V1/C1) + (V2/C2) +... + (Vn/Cn).
How could we ascertain if the standard solution created using a pipette is correct?Calculating the percent relative standard deviation (RSD) of the measurement will allow us to ascertain the degree of uncertainty in a standard solution created by pipetting 20 mL of a 0.2487 M (stock) solution.
The RSD is determined by multiplying the standard deviation by the mean and then by 100. The formula to determine the standard deviation is: = (V1/C1) + (V2/C2) +... + (Vn/Cn).
Where n is the number of measurements, C is the stock solution's concentration, and V is the volume of solution added.
We are unable to compute the RSD for the given information since you have not provided any information regarding the number of measurements taken.
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How i an electron orbital different from an orbit what do the hape of the orbital hown in Figure 14
An orbit is a set route along which electrons spin around the nucleus of an atom, whereas an orbital is a region where the chance of finding any electron is calculated.
What is electron?The electron is a subatomic particle with an initial electric charge of -1. Electrons are the first generation of the lepton particle family and are often regarded as elementary particles due to the lack of known components or substructure. An electron is a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be attached to or released from an atom (not bound). A bound electron is one of the three major kinds of particles within an atom, the other two being protons and neutrons. The nucleus of an atom is made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
Here,
An orbit is a fixed path along which electrons spin around an atom's nucleus, whereas an orbital is an area where the probability of finding any electron is determined.
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How does the volume change if 50mL of a gas material is cooled from 30\deg C to 5\deg C ?
50mL
46mL
100mL
56mL
The final volume can be determined using Charles's law. The volume of gas at 5 degree Celsius will be 8.3 ml.
What is Charles's law of gases ?According to Charles's law, at constant pressure, the volume of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature.
Hence, V/T = constant.
Let, V1 and T1 be the initial volume and temperature and V2, T2 be the final quantities.
then, V1/T1 = V2/T2.
V2 = V1 T2/ T1
Given, V1 = 50 ml
T1 = 30 °C
T2 = 5 °C
Then, V2 = 50 ml × 5 °C /30 °C = 8.3 ml
Therefore, the volume of the gas reduces to 8.3 ml.
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A 0.95 M solution of 10.0 mL Al(OH)3 is neutralized using a 2 M solution of H2SO4. How much H2SO4 was needed
H2SO4 has a molecular weight of 98 g/mole. 98% concentrated sulfuric with a density of 1.84 g/mL is the usual source.
We would need 98 g for a 1 M solution in 1 L, but because this is for 500 mL, just 49 g of H2SO4 will be needed. Common concentrations of sulfuric acid are 78, 93, or 98 percent. Pure anhydrous sulfuric acid does not exist in nature due to its affinity for water. 35% sulfuric acid Fertilizers like ammonium sulfate and super-phosphate of lime are produced using solution. In the production of hydrochloric acid, sulfate salts, synthetic detergents, dyes & pigments, and medications, it is frequently employed.
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A binary covalent bond exists between
A. Any element
B. 2 nonmetals
C. 1met and 1 nonmetal
D. 2 metals
A binary covalent bond exists between 2 nonmetals.
These compounds are termed similarly to binary ionic compounds even though they don't contain ions.
These guidelines apply to the nomenclature of binary covalent compounds:
The complete name of the first element in the formula is given first.
The name of the second element refers to it as an anion.
Prefixes are employed to indicate the number of atoms in a compound. The prefix mono- is dropped if the first element only has one atom.
For instance, carbon monoxide is the name given to CO rather than monocarbon monoxide.
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What are the 7 are elements?
The classical elements or seven elements in nature are plants, warm energy, soil, mineral, water, cold energy, and air.
Living organisms incorporate distinctly massive quantities of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sulfur (those 5 factors are called the majority factors), together with sodium, magnesium, potassium, calcium, chlorine, and phosphorus (those six factors are called microminerals). From the smallest atom to a massive whale to the sun machine itself, all matters are stated to be composed of a few aggregate of those elements. Halogens belong to group 17, and they acquire only one electron in order to attain stable electronic configuration.
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