Answer:
a. Epinephrine >> G protein-coupled receptor >> cAMP >> phosphorylation of glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase >> glucose
b. Cellular respiration >> glycolysis >> pyruvate oxidation >> Krebs cycle >> acetyl CoA>> oxidative phosphorylation
c and e. Acetylcholine >> nicotinic receptors >> sodium ions (enter to the cells) >> muscular action potential >> contraction
d. Action potential >> resting potential >> potassium channels open >> sodium channels open >> threshold potential >> voltage-gated sodium channels and potassium channels open >> membrane repolarization >> resting membrane potential (steady state of the cell)
Explanation:
Epinephrine binds to G protein-coupled receptors, triggering the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP). cAMP is a second messenger associated with the phosphorylation of 1-glycogen phosphorylase (GP) that breaks down glycogen (the storage form of glucose) into glucose, and 2-glycogen synthase (GS), involved in the production of glycogen (i.e., phosphorylation inhibits GS activity). On the other hand, during cellular respiration, glucose is used to synthesize ATP via three sequential steps: glycolysis, Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate that is subsequently oxidated into Coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), generating NADH and ATP. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA is combined with the oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid, generating NADH, FADH2 and ATP. During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons from NADH and FADH2 are used to pump protons against an electrochemical concentration gradient, which is finally used to synthesize more ATP. On the other hand, during muscle contraction, acetylcholine binds to nicotinic receptors and sodium ions enter the muscle fiber, thereby generating a muscular action potential that travels across muscle cells and triggers muscle contraction when calcium ions (Ca2+) bind to the protein complex troponin by sarcomere shortening (sarcomeres are the functional units of muscle fibers). This contraction ends when Ca2+ ions are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (a unique organelle of endoplasmic reticulum in the sarcoplasm). On the other hand, an action potential is defined as a fast and propagating change of the resting membrane potential of neuron cells. In the resting potential, potassium ion (K+) channels open, thereby K+ ions can enter/exit inside the cell. A stimulus causes the depolarization of the cell by opening Na+ channels that enter into the neuron. At the threshold potential, more sodium channels open, thereby voltage across the membrane reaches its most positive value. Subsequently, channels begin to close and more potassium channels open. Finally, the membrane repolarizes (K+ ions leave the cell) and cells return to the resting membrane potential, i.e., the steady-state of the cell.
para realizar un Proyecto debemos primero buscar la necesidad. ¿Por qué?
Answer:
necesitamos conocer cuales son los motivos que impulsan la fabricación/obtención del producto y/o servicio
Explanation:
Un proyecto se considera un esfuerzo temporario asociado a un conjunto de actividades las cuales son planificadas de antemano a fin de producir un determinado producto y/o servicio. Por ejemplo, en el área de biología molecular y biotecnología, un proyecto podría consistir en la planificación de las actividades necesarias para sintetizar una hormona en particular (insulina) utilizando plantas como biorreactores. Las etapas o fases por las cuales debe transitar cualquier proyecto de índole tecnológico son: 1-planteamiento de un problema: cual es la necesidad que impulsa el desarrollo del bien y/o servicio; 2-búsqueda de información relacionada al proyecto: en el ejemplo citado, cual es la especie de planta más factible de ser utilizada como biorreactor para producir insulina, cuales son los materiales requeridos para llevar a cabo este proceso, etc; 3-diseño y planificación del proyecto: cuales son los plazos estipulados para la puesta a punto del proyecto, cómo obtener los recursos necesario para llevar a cabo estas actividades, evaluación de los riesgos a los que se enfrenta el producto/servicio, etc; 4-construcción del proyecto: consiste en llevar a cabo las actividades delimitadas en el paso anterior, y 5-evaluación y divulgación: consiste en la obtención final del producto y/o servicio, como así también de las medidas de publicidad (divulgación) que tienen como objetivo crear un nicho de mercado para el producto/servicio.
ANSWER FOR BRAINLIEST
A company recently tested the effectiveness of three new insecticides. The company wanted to determine which insecticide they should use to kill multiple pest species of ants. The data table below shows the results from the company's experiment.
Insecticide Fire Ants Killed Sugar Ants Killed Carpenter Ants Killed
X 74% 94% 62%
Y 32% 12% 18%
Z 45% 67% 31%
Based on the results of the experiment, the company concluded that insecticide X would be the best one to use. Upon which of the following lines of evidence did the company base its conclusion?
A.
Insecticide X was more effective against sugar ants than against carpenter ants or fire ants.
B.
Insecticide X killed a greater percentage of two out of the three species than did insecticides Y and Z.
C.
Insecticide X killed a greater percentage of all three species than did insecticides Y and Z.
D.
Insecticide X was more effective against carpenter ants than against sugar ants or fire ants.
Answer:
C.
Explanation:
i just did this question 5 minutes ago.
A company recently tested the effectiveness of three new insecticides, and based on the results of the experiment, the company concluded that insecticide X would be the best one to use because it killed a greater percentage of all three species than did insecticides Y and Z, which are in option C.
What is the insecticide?The insecticide is given for the destruction or killing of the insects, and the intensity of the insecticides varies depending on the insects and their poison. There are three insecticides: X, Y, and Z, and X kills a higher percentage of all ants than the other two, so it is preferred.
Hence, A company recently tested the effectiveness of three new insecticides, and based on the results of the experiment, the company concluded that insecticide X would be the best one to use because it killed a greater percentage of all three species than did insecticides Y and Z, which are in option C.
Learn more about the insecticide here.
https://brainly.com/question/28020025
#SPJ2
Question 12 of 15
A force is a push or pull.
Answer:
True
Explanation:
A force is a push or pull against something or someone
What is the mechanism by which binding of testosterone to the testosterone receptor leads to upregulated gene transcription
Answer:
This binding causes a conformational change in the receptor which enters into the nucleus and binds DNA to activate transcription
Explanation:
Testosterone is a steroid hormone responsible for inducing protein synthesis and growth of tissues with androgen receptors. Testosterone receptors, also known as androgen receptors, are a class of nuclear receptors activated by binding androgenic hormones (e.g. testosterone) in the cytoplasm, whose binding induces a conformational change of the receptors that are subsequently translocated to the nucleus. Within the cell nucleus, these activated receptors form homodimers that bind DNA in order to promote the transcription of target genes capable of regulating cell growth, cell cycle progression and survival.
Various strains of bacteria are able to transfer genes to eukaryotic hosts. This process of horizontal gene transfer often results in the formation of enzymes in the host organism that assist in metabolic pathways. What is the most likely explanation for why bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells?
Answer:
Due to conjugation.
Explanation:
Bacterial genes are able to successfully transfer genes that produce enzymes in eukaryotic cells because of conjugation process. Conjugation is a process by which one bacterium transfers its genetic material or genes to another bacterium or cell through direct contact with it. During conjugation, the bacterial cells serves as the donor of the genetic material, and the eukaryotic cell serves as the recipient that receives the genes.
he conversion process where nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions, which is accomplished through the intense energy of lightening, or when air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certain bacteria, is known as
Answer: The conversation process where nitrogen gas combines with hydrogen to form ammonium ions is known as THE ACTION OF THUNDERSTORMS while when air in the top layer of soil comes into contact with certain bacteria, nitrogen in the air is converted by NITROGEN- FIXING MICROORGANISMS.
Explanation:
About 79% of air is composed of gaseous nitrogen. However, only a few microorganism can make use of this nitrogen. The important sources of nitrogen for plants and most living organisms are the inorganic nitrogenous compounds in soil. In nature, nitrogen is constantly being removed from the soil and returned to it through the NITROGEN CYCLE
Conversation of gaseous Nitrogen into nitrogenous substances such as ammonium and amino-compouds are carried out by:
--> The action of thunderstorms, and
--> NITROGEN- fixing microorganisms.
During thunderstorms, Nitrogen reacts with oxygen to form nitric oxide. The nitric oxide is oxidizes to Nitrogen peroxide which dissolves in rainwater to form nitric and nitrous acid. When these acids enter the soil, they combine with mineral salts to form nitrates. The nitrates then, dissolve in soil water and are absorbed by the plants. These nitrates are converted into plant proteins and become part of the plant body.
Some microorganisms such as the Nitrogen fixing microorganisms are able to absorb nitrogen from the atmosphere and change it into amino-compouds and proteins. Examples of such microorganisms include:
--> the free living bacteria: these include the azotobacter and clostridium
--> the symbiotic bacteria: the rhizobium which is found in the root nodules of leguminous plants
In mutualism, both organisms participating benefit from the relationship.
True or False?
Answer:
true
Explanation:
1. A brown mink crossed with a silver-blue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 were crossed among themselves, they produced forty-seven brown animals and fifteen silver-blue animals. What are the genotypes of the parentals and the F1s
Answer:
The correct answer is -
Parental - BB and bb
F1
Genotypes: 100% Bb
F2
Genotypes: ¼ BB, ½ Bb, ¼ bb
Explanation:
It is given that a cross between a brown and a silver-blue mink produces all brown offspring and it is only possible if brown is dominant over silver blue in true breed cross, assume brown trait is represented by B and silver-blue is b then parents will be
BB and bb
B B
b Bb Bb
b Bb Bb
Cross between F1 individuals: Bb cross Bb
gametes : B, b and B, b
B b
B BB Bb
b Bb bb
the genotype of F2 : 1:2:1 = ¼ BB, ½ Bb, ¼ bb
Which of the following is the most susceptible to damage by pollution in the air and
precipitation
A. The roots of trees
B. Trees at high elevations
C. Birds that migrate seasonally
D. Plants that grow in lakes or rivers
Answer:
B) Trees at high elevations
Explanation:
The atmospheric conditions and precipitation toxicity is most likely to affect trees at high elevations more so than the other answers.
The tree leaves, which are the main key to the tree's photosynthesis, absorb the oxygen and Co2 from the air, which are converted into nutrients. Without proper nutrients, the trees may die out.
Only a very few flowering plants have been able to invade the oceans. But the few marine ones are very successful. What are some reasons for the small number of marine flowering plants
Answer:
1. High osmotic pressure due to the hypersaline nature of marine habitats
2. The dependence of flowering plants on pollinating insects for fertilization. These insect pollinators are however, absent in the marine environment.
3. Competition from already-established sea weeds and grasses provides another challenge to flowering plants invadingnthe oceans.
4. Constant changes in the environment as well as temperature changes too
Explanation:
The marine environment is a hypersaline environment with a high salt concentration relative to that of the plant cell. Due to high salt concentration of the marine environment, their is high osmotic pressure on living oragnisms found therein. Organisms must have well-adapted osmo-regulatory mechanisms to counteract the high osmotic pressure of their environment. Therefore, flowering plants face the challenge of removing excess salt from their cells or else lose water to their environment, hence resulting in the death of the plant. However, most flowering plants lack this ability and thus, have found it difficult to invade the oceans.
Flowering plants depends on insect-pollinators for fertilization. However, these insect are not found in the oceans, and as such, it is difficult for flowering plants to invade the oceans.
Well-adapted seaweeds and grasses serve as competitors for any invading flowering plant. Since the flowering plants are not yet adapted for life in marine habitats, they lose out in this competition.
The oceans are constantly in a state of frequent turbulence and change due to tides and currents. Also, the temperature of the oceans are very low and fluctuations in the temperatures of the ocean do occur, utimately serving as obstacles to invading flowering plants to adapt to life in the oceans and seas.
Where does most ocean pollution come from
Answer:
most ocean pollution comes from plastic waste and garbage flood
Answer:
Ocean pollution is caused by the introduction of toxic materials and harmful pollutants such as agricultural and industrial waste, chemicals, oil spills, and plastic litter into the ocean waters.
Oxygen is also called a life supporting gas?why
Explanation:
Oxygen is also called a life supporting gas because oxygen is required in the process of cellular respiration.
Scientists have discovered a new marine bacterial species called Vibrio nuigii. They have isolated ten strains of this bacterium and determined their whole genome sequences. Only one of the strains (which the scientists named Vir1) is virulent and causes disease in oysters. Describe three ways in which the scientists could use their knowledge of the bacterial genome sequences to identify the genes responsible for virulence.
Answer:
1-by transfecting small interfering RNAs against target genes of interest
2-by using comparative genomics strategies in order to infer functional relationships among target genes of interest and homologous genes responsible for virulence in other bacteria (e.g., antibiotic resistance genes)
3- by inducing mutations through site-directed mutagenesis in order to study gene function (i.e., by examining the effects of knockout mutations)
Explanation:
Whole-genome sequencing (WGS), also known as complete genome sequencing, refers to Next Generation Sequencing technologies that allow the obtention of the entire genetic sequence of an organism/cell, which can be used as a reference genome to understand gene function, evolutionary relationships, etc. The information provided by WGS technologies allows making many different types of genetic analyses in order to understand gene function. First, the nucleotide reference sequence can be used to design complementary small interfering RNAs that trigger degradation of target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) by the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, thereby inhibiting gene function (in this case, inhibiting genes associated with virulence in the bacterial strain). Second, a reference genome is required to perform bioinformatic data analyses in order to identify homologous genes associated with virulence in evolutionarily related bacteria, allowing identify, for example, antibiotic resistance genes or sequence polymorphisms (e.g., single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) associated with gene function. Third, the information provided by a reference genome can also be used to trigger site-directed mutagenesis (for example, by using the highly precise CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology) in order to knock out specific genes of interest and thus analyze if the bacterial strain is still infectious.
Envy plant yellow seed color is dominant in greeting color is recessive what will the generations look like assume that Mandel's method of Crossing reading parents with opposite traits is followed check all that apply
Options please! Otherwise how are we supposed to help you, sorry.
FORENSIC SCIENCE !! BEST ANSWER GETS BRAINLOEST!!!!!!!
A ransom note is left at the scene of a kidnapping. Investigators ask a forensic linguist to look at it. What possible information might the linguist be looking for on the note?
Phrases that are used only in one area of the country
The chemical makeup of the ink used
The color of the ink that was used and where it came from
How much money the suspect is asking for
Answer:
The color of the ink that was used and where it came from
Explanation:
i took the test and im like 87% sure this is right
Which DNA sequence is complementary to the sequence: 5'-T A C G C A C C A A T A A C C A T A A T T -3'
Answer:
A T G C G T G G T T A T T G G T A T T A A
Explanation:
Newton's third law of motion is also known as
______/reaction.
The diagram shows the human alimentary canal. In which parts does peristalsis take place? plss be sure abt it
Answer:
i think answer is 3 and 4
Explanation:
peristalsis is located at esophagus and in our digestive system
The parts where peristalsis will take place are ; ( C ) parts 3 and 4
Peristalsis is a series of muscle contraction occurring in the digestive system of Humans also these series of muscle contraction can be seen in tubes connecting the human kidney and bladder as well.
From the diagram parts 3 ( esophagus )and 4 ( intestines ) are part of the human digestive system and peristalsis is very evident in these regions in the human body.
Hence we can conclude that The parts where peristalsis will take place are 3 and 4
Learn more : https://brainly.com/question/19838720
An organisms phenotype is
A. Its parents genes
B. Its genetic make up
C. lts physical appearance
D. Its heterozygosity
Answer:
Explanation:
It's physical appearance
Which of the following kinds of cells perform basic functions such as obtaining energy from food?
Plant cells, but not animal cells
Animal cells, but not plant cells
Both plant cells and animal cells
Neither animal cells nor plant cells
Answer:
Both plant and animal cells
Explanation:
Answer:both plant cells and animal cells
Explanation:generally, cells obtain energy from food during cellular respiration where glycolysis takes place
Which paint should be used on the absorber plate if it is designed to absorb the greatest possible amount of insolation? *
BEST ANSWER GETS BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!
When a substance shifts from one state of matter to another without changing its molecular composition, it undergoes a chemical change.
True
False
Answer:
false
Explanation:
because I have don't get be few job days people and of will am to a on in the next time we come in for our meeting tomorrow morning to get some the information on how we will be working with our current client on our own so I don't am the a to make do I get have job that I am not going the the process best I I'm you me the chain
Answer:
no it's false.
since chemical change require change in chemical composition of a substance
and mostly a new substance is formed during a chemical change .
and here no such thing is observed so it's not a chemical change
How does natural selections take care of negative point mutations
Answer:
As mutations occur, natural selection decides which mutations will live on and which ones will die out. ... If the mutation is beneficial, the mutated organism survives to reproduce, and the mutation gets passed on to its offspring.
Explanation:
I hope it's help u
BEST ANSWER GETS BRAINLIEST!!!!!!!!
Each trait a person has, such as eye or hair color, is ultimately the result of a single allele in DNA.
True
False
Answer:fałsz
Explanation:
Answer:
False
Explanation:
I just took the test
holaaaa Soy nueva en brainly, no mentira solo cambie de usuario
Answer:
¡Hola! ¡Cómo estás! ¿Te gusta el dibujo de mi gato? XD
Explanation:
Que bien. Y brainliest porfavor?! :D
Neanderthals differed from modern humans in: A. long (front-to-back), vertically low skull shape B. having smaller brain size than modern humans C. Having smaller incisor teeth than modern humans D. Creating less complicated stone tools than modern humans
Answer:
A. long (front-to-back), vertically low skull shape
Explanation:
The Neanderthals had a different body structure than doe the present modern humans have. The had a more robust well-built structure and had a distinctive morphological feature. Research suggests they were stronger than modern man thought they were slightly shorter than modern humans. They had a noticeable face, a chin, and a forehead slope.Certain characteristics allow animals to survive in one environment but not in another.
Which two statements support the claim that an Arctic wolf can NOT survive in the desert? A. It has two thick layers of fur. B. It has a thick layer of body fat. C. It hunts over a large area of land. D. It has large eyes to see better at night. E. It has light-colored fur to reflect sunlight.
Answer:
A and either B or C
Explanation:
check my reasoning cause i'm not 100% percent sure most likely the wolf would die from heat due to the layers of fur and body fat. also c and d have nothing to do with the wolf not being able to survive, in fact c is beneficial
Which of the following best describes what scientists consider when they study ecology? A. the interactions of organisms with their environment B. the interactions of organisms with weather and climate C. the interactions of organisms to reproduce and produce offspring D. the interactions of organisms with one another and the environment
Answer: A
Explanation:
I’m smart duhh
Answer: A
Explanation: It is resonable
You wouldn't be able to shower without this element!
Answer:
h²o or water
Explanation:
it says I need to have 25 or more characters so this is just my fill in
Light penetrates the clear water of the open ocean more deeply than it does lake
water. Phytoplankton is found deeper in the open ocean than in freshwater lakes.
What does this observation best indicate?
A Phytoplankton provides nutrients to consumers in the ecosystem.
B Phytoplankton reduces the light available to organisms at lower depths.
C Phytoplankton populations are limited by their ability to photosynthesize.
D Phytoplankton population growth is limited by the presence of marine salts.
The given observation best indicates that the phytoplankton provides nutrients to consumers in the ecosystem.
What do you mean by Ecosystem?An ecosystem may be defined as a place or an area where organisms of different species are present together and interact with one another for their need.
Phytoplanktons belong to lower trophic levels in the aquatic ecosystem. The organisms of higher trophic levels depend on it for the need of energy.
Therefore, the given observation best indicates that the phytoplankton provides nutrients to consumers in the ecosystem.
To learn more about the Ecosystem, refer to the link;
https://brainly.com/question/26551655
#SPJ2