1. For parts of the free response question that require calculations, clearly show the method used and the steps involved in arriving at your answers. You must show your work to receive credit for your answer. Examples and equations may be included in your answers where appropriate. Answer the following questions related to CO2. 30-C=0 0=c=0 Diagram X Diagram z (a) Two possible Lewis electron-dot diagrams for CO2 are shown above. Explain in terms of formal charges why diagram 2 is the better diagram. (b) Identify the hybridization of the valence orbitals of the Catom in the CO2 molecule represented in diagram 2 (c) A 0.1931 mol sample of dry ice, CO2(s), is added to an empty balloon. After the balloon is sealed, the CO2(8) sublimes and the CO2(g) in the balloon eventually reaches a temperature of 21.0°C and pressure of 0.998 atm. The physical change is represented by the following equation. CO2(8) + CO2(9) AHyublimation =? (1) What is the sign (positive or negative) of the enthalpy change for the process of sublimation? Justify your answer. (11) List all the numerical values of the quantities, with appropriate units, that are needed to calculate the volume of the balloon. (iii) Calculate the final volume, in liters, of the balloon.

A) To find Kc, we need to use the relationship Kp = Kc(RT)^(Δn), where Δn is the difference in moles between the products and reactants. For the reaction I2(g)⇌2I(g), Δn = 2 - 1 = 1, since there is one mole of gas on the reactant side and two moles of gas on the product side. Therefore, we have:

Kc = Kp/RT^(Δn)

Kc = (6.26×10^(-22))/(8.314 J/K/mol × 298 K)^(1)

Kc = 2.35×10^(-26)

B) For the reaction CH4(g)+H2O(g)⇌CO(g)+3H2(g), Δn = (1+1) - (1+3) = -2, since there are two moles of gas on the reactant side and four moles of gas on the product side. Therefore, we have:

Kc = Kp/RT^(Δn)

Kc = (7.7×10^(24))/(8.314 J/K/mol × 298 K)^(-2)

Kc = 5.6×10^(5)

C) For the reaction I2(g)+Cl2(g)⇌2ICl(g), Δn = (2+0) - (0+2) = 0, since there are two moles of gas on both the reactant and product sides. Therefore, we have:

Kc = Kp/RT^(Δn)

Kc = 81.9/((8.314 J/K/mol × 298 K)^(0))

Kc = 81.9

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So, the volume of the expelled air at 1.6°C is approximately 2.67 liters.

To calculate the volume of the expelled air at 1.6°C, we can use Charles' Law, which states that the volume of a gas is directly proportional to its temperature, provided that the pressure and the amount of gas remain constant. The formula for Charles' Law is:

V1/T1 = V2/T2

where V1 is the initial volume, T1 is the initial temperature, V2 is the final volume, and T2 is the final temperature. In this case:

V1 = 3.0 L
T1 = 36°C + 273.15 = 309.15 K (convert to Kelvin)
V2 = ? (we need to find this)
T2 = 1.6°C + 273.15 = 274.75 K (convert to Kelvin)

Now, we can rearrange the formula and solve for V2:

V2 = V1 * (T2/T1)
V2 = 3.0 L * (274.75 K / 309.15 K)

V2 ≈ 2.67 L

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An ion of charged +4 has 21 electrons remaining in its atomic structure. 30 is the  number of neutrons if it has a mass number of 55. The correct option is option D.

Every atom's nucleus is made up of neutrons and protons, with the exception of common hydrogen, which nucleus only contains one proton. Neutrons are neutral subatomic particles. It is one of the three fundamental particles that make up atoms, the fundamental units of all matter & chemistry, together with protons and electrons.

The neutron is electrically neutral and has a rest mass of 1.67492749804 1027 kg, which is somewhat higher than the proton's but 1,838.68 times higher than the electron's.

atomic number =  21 + 4 = 25

mass number =  55

number of neutron = mass number- atomic number

                                =   55 -25

                               = 30

Therefore, the correct option is option D.

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In a 240.0 g sample of the compound, there are approximately 211.5 g of carbon and 28.5 g of hydrogen. 211.5, 28.5

To find the grams of C and H in a 240.0 g sample of the compound, we need to first calculate the mass percentages of C and H in the compound:
- Mass percent of C: 88.14%
- Mass percent of H: 11.86%
This means that in 100 g of the compound, there are:
- 88.14 g of C
- 11.86 g of H
To find the grams of C and H in a 240.0 g sample, we can use proportions:
- Grams of C = (240.0 g) x (88.14 g C/100 g compound) = 211.5 g C
- Grams of H = (240.0 g) x (11.86 g H/100 g compound) = 28.5 g H
Therefore, there are 211.5 grams of C and 28.5 grams of H in a 240.0 g sample of this compound.

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C) 8.3 L . We should mix 8.3 L of 6.0 M H2SO4 with 10 L of 1.0 M H2SO4 to make 20 L of 3.0 M H2SO4 upon dilution to volume.

.

To make a 20 L solution of 3.0 M H2SO4, we need to calculate the amount of 6.0 M H2SO4 that should be mixed with 10 L of 1.0 M H2SO4.

Let's use the equation:

M1V1 + M2V2 = M3V3

where M1 and V1 are the concentration and volume of the first solution (6.0 M H2SO4), M2 and V2 are the concentration and volume of the second solution (1.0 M H2SO4), and M3 and V3 are the concentration and volume of the final solution (3.0 M H2SO4).

Plugging in the values:

(6.0 M) (V1) + (1.0 M) (10 L) = (3.0 M) (20 L)

Simplifying:

6V1 + 10 = 60

6V1 = 50

V1 = 8.3 L

Therefore, we should mix 8.3 L of 6.0 M H2SO4 with 10 L of 1.0 M H2SO4 to make 20 L of 3.0 M H2SO4 upon dilution to volume.

The answer is C) 8.3 L.

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A drying tube would help in the synthesis of benzocaine.

Benzocaine synthesis usually involves an esterification reaction between p-aminobenzoic acid and ethanol or methanol in the presence of a strong acid catalyst.
In this reaction, the carboxylic acid group in p-aminobenzoic acid and the alcohol group in ethanol or methanol react to form an ester bond, with the elimination of a water molecule as a byproduct.

However, the presence of water in the reaction mixture can cause the reaction to be reversible, leading to a reduced overall yield of benzocaine. Therefore, it is essential to use a drying tube to remove water from the reaction environment.

A drying tube typically contains a drying agent, such as calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate, which has a high affinity for water. As the reaction mixture passes through the drying tube, any remaining water molecules are adsorbed by the drying agent, thereby removing them from the reaction environment.
This helps to ensure that the esterification reaction proceeds efficiently and yields a higher amount of benzocaine.

In summary, using a drying tube in the synthesis of benzocaine helps to remove water from the reaction environment, which is essential for ensuring that the esterification reaction proceeds efficiently and yields a higher amount of benzocaine.

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The regulation of citrate synthase is important for maintaining cellular energy balance. The enzyme is inhibited by effectors such as NADH, ATP, and succinyl CoA, which makes sense due to their roles in cellular energy metabolism.

Citrate synthase catalyzes the reaction between oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA to form citrate, a key step in the citric acid cycle. The rate of this reaction is limited by the availability of substrates oxaloacetate, acetyl-CoA, and NAD+, which gets converted to NADH during the cycle.

High concentrations of NADH and ATP indicate that the cell has sufficient energy supply. In such cases, citrate synthase is inhibited to prevent excessive production of NADH, which would ultimately lead to more ATP generation. This ensures that the cell does not produce more energy than needed.

Similarly, when there is an abundance of ATP, the enzyme is inhibited to prevent the introduction of acetyl-CoA into the citric acid cycle. This allows the cell to maintain an optimal energy balance by preventing unnecessary energy production.

In conclusion, the regulation of citrate synthase by effectors such as NADH, ATP, and succinyl CoA is crucial for maintaining cellular energy homeostasis. By responding to the concentrations of these molecules, citrate synthase helps to ensure that the cell produces the appropriate amount of energy for its needs.

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To prepare 250 mL of a 0.700 M KNO3 solution, you will need to calculate the grams of KNO3 required. You will need 17.69 grams of KNO3 to prepare 250 mL of a 0.700 M solution.

To prepare a 250ml solution of 0.700m, you will need to use the formula:
molarity = moles of solute / liters of solution
First, let's calculate the number of moles of solute required:
moles of solute = molarity x liters of solution
moles of solute = 0.700m x 0.250L
moles of solute = 0.175 moles
Next, we need to convert moles of solute into grams of KNO3, using its molar mass:
molar mass of KNO3 = 101.1032 g/mol
grams of KNO3 = moles of solute x molar mass
grams of KNO3 = 0.175 moles x 101.1032 g/mol
grams of KNO3 = 17.6736 grams
Therefore, you will need 17.6736 grams of KNO3 to prepare 250ml of a 0.700m solution.

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The fruit fly female must be homozygous recessive for the gene encoding for eye color because she has white eyes. (ee).

The male fly has homozygous red eyes that are dominant. (EE). As a result, each of their children will have one allele from each parent, giving each of them the genotype Ee.

All progeny will have the dominant of red eyes because the red eye allele (E) is dominant over the white eye allele (e). As a result, although having distinct genes, every child will inherit the identical phenotypic of red eyes. (Ee).

As a result, all of the offspring's potential phenotypes—red eyes and heterozygous genotypes—are possible. (Ee).

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D. Forming opinions based on personal beliefs is NOT one of the common Science and Engineering Practices.

The Science and Engineering Practices (SEPs) aid scientists and engineers in exploring and resolving issues through a set of techniques and abilities.

These practices are interrelated, manifesting concurrently during scientific as well as engineering examinations, aiming to guide learners towards the acquisition of critical thinking capabilities, adept problem-solving skills, besides instilling a scientific temperament.

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The net ionic equation for the reaction of MgSO4 with Sr(NO3)2 is:
SO42-(aq) + Sr2+(aq) → SrSO4(s)

The net ionic equation of the reaction of MgSO4 with Sr(NO3)2 can be determined by writing the balanced chemical equation and then canceling out the spectator ions that appear on both the reactant and product sides of the equation.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

MgSO4(aq) + Sr(NO3)2(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + SrSO4(s)

To write the net ionic equation, we must first identify the ions that are involved in the reaction. In this case, the aqueous solutions contain Mg2+, SO42-, Sr2+, and NO3-.

The spectator ions, which do not participate in the reaction, are Mg2+ and NO3-. Therefore, we can cancel them out to write the net ionic equation as:

SO42-(aq) + Sr2+(aq) → SrSO4(s)

This equation shows the ions that are involved in the reaction and the formation of the solid precipitate SrSO4. The phases for the different species are also included in the equation.

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The net ionic equation for the reaction of MgSO4 with Sr(NO3)2 is:
SO42-(aq) + Sr2+(aq) → SrSO4(s)

The net ionic equation of the reaction of MgSO4 with Sr(NO3)2 can be determined by writing the balanced chemical equation and then canceling out the spectator ions that appear on both the reactant and product sides of the equation.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction is:

MgSO4(aq) + Sr(NO3)2(aq) → Mg(NO3)2(aq) + SrSO4(s)

To write the net ionic equation, we must first identify the ions that are involved in the reaction. In this case, the aqueous solutions contain Mg2+, SO42-, Sr2+, and NO3-.

The spectator ions, which do not participate in the reaction, are Mg2+ and NO3-. Therefore, we can cancel them out to write the net ionic equation as:

SO42-(aq) + Sr2+(aq) → SrSO4(s)

This equation shows the ions that are involved in the reaction and the formation of the solid precipitate SrSO4. The phases for the different species are also included in the equation.

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Depolarization refers to the process by which the membrane potential of a cell becomes less negative. This occurs as positively charged ions, such as sodium (Na+) or calcium (Ca2+), enter the cell through ion channels in the membrane. The movement of these ions into the cell causes the membrane potential to become less negative, which is known as depolarization.

On the other hand, repolarization refers to the process by which the membrane potential returns to its resting state after depolarization. This occurs as positively charged ions, such as potassium (K+), leave the cell through ion channels in the membrane. The movement of these ions out of the cell causes the membrane potential to become more negative, which is known as repolarization.

The main difference between depolarization and repolarization is the direction of ion movement. Depolarization involves the movement of positively charged ions into the cell, while repolarization involves the movement of positively charged ions out of the cell. Additionally, different ion channels are responsible for depolarization and repolarization. Sodium channels are primarily responsible for depolarization, while potassium channels are primarily responsible for repolarization.

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The correct answer is D. Hydrolysis of pyrophosphate shifts the equilibrium of the reaction to the right, making the formation of acetyl-CoA energetically more favorable.
PP  ⇒  P

Explanation:
Enzyme inorganic pyrophosphatase catalyzes the hydrolysis of PP to P. This hydrolysis releases energy, which drives the synthesis of acetyl-CoA forward.

PP   ⇄⇒    acetyl-CoA

By breaking down the pyrophosphate bond (P-P), the enzyme effectively removes it from the reaction, shifting the equilibrium to the right and making the formation of acetyl-CoA more favorable energetically.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Since the volume of the gas does not change, we can use the Gay-Lussac's law (also known as Pressure-Temperature law), which states that the pressure of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature when the volume is kept constant. Mathematically, this can be expressed as:

P1/T1 = P2/T2

where P1 and T1 are the initial pressure and temperature, respectively, and P2 and T2 are the final pressure and temperature, respectively.

Substituting the given values in the above equation, we get:

P2 = (P1/T1) × T2

   = (100 kPa/273 K) × 350 K

   = 128.83 kPa (approx.)

Therefore, the final pressure of the flask is approximately 128.83 kPa.

The energy associated with one photon of electromagnetic radiation is given by the equation E=hc/λ, where h is Planck's constant, c is the speed of light, and λ is the wavelength.

To find the energy associated with 1.00 mol photons, we first need to find the energy of one photon and then multiply it by Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23) to get the energy of 1.00 mol photons.

Using the given wavelength of 2.55 x 10^-14 m, we can calculate the energy of one photon as:

E = hc/λ
E = (6.626 x 10^-34 J s) x (2.998 x 10^8 m/s) / (2.55 x 10^-14 m)
E = 2.454 x 10^-19 J

Multiplying by Avogadro's number gives us the energy of 1.00 mol photons:

E(mol) = E(photon) x N_A
E(mol) = (2.454 x 10^-19 J) x (6.022 x 10^23)
E(mol) = 1.475 x 10^5 J/mol

Therefore, the answer is not one of the given choices. The correct answer is 1.475 x 10^5 J/mol.

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Balance the equations for glycogen degradation:
Glycogen + Pi → Glycogen phosphorylase → Glucose 1-phosphate + Glycogen phosphorylase (remaining)

Phosphoglucomutase → Glucose 6-phosphate + Phosphoglucomutase (remaining)

Balance the equations for glycogen synthesis:
Glucose 1-phosphate + UTP → UDP-glucose + PPi + Glycogen synthase → Glycogen + UDP-glucose + Glycogen synthase (remaining) + UDP

Complete the balanced equation for the simultaneous activation of glycogen degradation (via glycogen phosphorylase) and glycogen synthesis (via glycogen synthase):
Glycogen + Pi + UDP-glucose → Glycogen phosphorylase → Glucose 1-phosphate + Glycogen phosphorylase (remaining) + UDP-glucose → Glycogen synthase → Glycogen + UDP

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The -2.61 kJ/mol is for the dissolution of the salt in water.

What is solution ?

A steady change in the relative ratios of two or more substances up to the point at which they become homogenous when combined; this point is known as the limit of solubility.

What is solute ?

Solute refers to an object that dissolves in a solution. In fluid solutions, there is a larger concentration of solvent than solute. Salt and water are two excellent examples of substances that we use on a daily basis. Since salt dissolves in water, it serves as the solute.

Therefore, The -2.61 kJ/mol is for the dissolution of the salt in water.

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The concentration of O₃ in the system can be calculated using the equilibrium constant expression: K = [O₃]²/[O₂] = 1.8 × 10⁻⁷.

Rearranging the equation, [O₃]² = K[O₂] = 1.8 × 10⁻⁷ × 0.0012 = 2.16 × 10⁻¹⁰. Taking the square root of both sides, [O₃] = 1.47 × 10⁻⁵ M.

The given equilibrium constant K relates the concentrations of the products and reactants at equilibrium. For this reaction, the equilibrium constant expression is K = [O₃]²/[O₂]. Given that K = 1.8 × 10⁻⁷ and [O₂] = 0.0012 M, we can solve for [O₃].

Rearranging the equation, [O₃]² = K[O₂]. Substituting the values, we get [O₃]² = 1.8 × 10⁻⁷ × 0.0012 = 2.16 × 10⁻¹⁰. Taking the square root of both sides gives the concentration of O₃ in the system as 1.47 × 10⁻⁵ M.

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The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between aqueous sodium hydroxide and lead(ll) nitrate is:

2NaOH(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) → Pb(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

When additional aqueous hydroxide is added, the precipitate redissolves and forms a soluble [Pb(OH)4]2-(aq) complex ion. The balanced chemical equation for this reaction is:

Pb(OH)2(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 2H2O(l) → [Pb(OH)4]2-(aq) + 2Na+(aq)

Note that water (H2O) is also a reactant in this reaction.
When aqueous sodium hydroxide is added to a solution containing lead(II) nitrate, a solid precipitate forms as shown in the balanced chemical equation:

2NaOH(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) -> Pb(OH)2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

However, when additional aqueous hydroxide is added, the precipitate redissolves forming a soluble [Pb(OH)4]2- complex ion:

Pb(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) -> [Pb(OH)4]2-(aq)

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The rate of formation of NOCl, given the rate of [tex]Cl_2[/tex] loss as 4.84 * [tex]10^{-2[/tex] M/s, is: 9.68 * [tex]10^{-2[/tex]M/s.

Determine the rate of reaction with respect to [NOCl]. Given the balanced equation:
2 NO (g) + [tex]Cl_2[/tex] (g) → 2 NOCl (g)

The rate of Cl2 loss is 4.84 * [tex]10^{-2[/tex] M/s. To find the rate of formation of NOCl, we need to compare the stoichiometric coefficients of [tex]Cl_2[/tex] and NOCl in the balanced equation.

Step 1: Identify the stoichiometric coefficients
For [tex]Cl_2[/tex], the coefficient is 1, and for NOCl, the coefficient is 2.

Step 2: Calculate the rate of formation of NOCl
Since the coefficient ratio between NOCl and [tex]Cl_2[/tex] is 2:1, the rate of formation of NOCl is twice the rate of [tex]Cl_2[/tex] loss.

Rate of NOCl formation = 2 * (Rate of [tex]Cl_2[/tex] loss)
Rate of NOCl formation = 2 * (4.84 * [tex]10^{-2[/tex] M/s)

Step 3: Compute the result
Rate of NOCl formation = 9.68 * [tex]10^{-2[/tex] M/s

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The delta h of a solution is 105.2kj/mol and the delta s of the same solution is found to be 54.1kj/mol*k at 254k. what is the solnG of the solution:

To determine the sol n G (ΔG) of the solution, we will use the Gibbs free energy equation:
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Given the values:
ΔH = 105.2 kJ/mol
ΔS = 54.1 J/mol*K (note that it should be J/mol*K, not kJ/mol*K)
T = 254 K

Now, we can calculate ΔG:

ΔG = 105.2 kJ/mol - (254 K * 54.1 J/mol*K * (1 kJ/1000 J))
ΔG = 105.2 kJ/mol - (254 K * 0.0541 kJ/mol*K)
ΔG ≈ 105.2 kJ/mol - 13.7 kJ/mol
ΔG ≈ 91.5 kJ/mol

The solnG of the solution is approximately 91.5 kJ/mol. Since ΔH is positive, the reaction is endothermic. A positive ΔG indicates that the reaction is non-spontaneous, meaning the reactants are more favorable than the products under the given conditions.

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To calculate the pH of the solution resulting from mixing benzoic acid and sodium benzoate, we need to first determine the concentrations of the benzoic acid and benzoate ions in the solution.

Using the formula for calculating the concentration of the benzoate ion:

[benzoate] = (volume of sodium benzoate x concentration of sodium benzoate) / total volume of solution

[benzoate] = (33.1 mL x 0.14 M) / (26.8 mL + 33.1 mL) = 0.100 M

Similarly, the concentration of the benzoic acid can be calculated:

[benzoic acid] = (volume of benzoic acid x concentration of benzoic acid) / total volume of solution

[benzoic acid] = (26.8 mL x 0.11 M) / (26.8 mL + 33.1 mL) = 0.089 M

Using the Ka value for benzoic acid, we can then calculate the concentration of H+ ions in the solution:

Ka = [H+][benzoate] / [benzoic acid]

[H+] = Ka x [benzoic acid] / [benzoate]

[H+] = (6.5 x 10^-5) x (0.089) / (0.100) = 5.8 x 10^-5 M

Finally, we can calculate the pH using the formula:

pH = -log[H+]

pH = -log(5.8 x 10^-5) = 4.24

Therefore, the pH of the solution resulting from mixing 26.8 mL of 0.11 M benzoic acid with 33.1 mL of 0.14 M sodium benzoate is 4.24.

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Answer:

d. 180°

Explanation:

Linear means flat, and flat means that it makes a perfect angle of 180°!

The change in enthalpy for the complete combustion of 39.0g of fructose is approximately -6.13 x 10² kJ.

To find the change in enthalpy for the complete combustion of 39.0g of fructose, we need to follow these steps:

1. Determine the molar mass of fructose (C6H12O6).
2. Convert the given mass of fructose (39.0g) to moles.
3. Use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the change in enthalpy (ΔH) for the given moles of fructose.

Determine the molar mass of fructose (C6H12O6)
Molar mass = (6 × 12.01) + (12 × 1.01) + (6 × 16.00) = 72.06 + 12.12 + 96.00 = 180.18 g/mol

Convert the given mass of fructose (39.0g) to moles
moles of fructose = mass / molar mass = 39.0g / 180.18 g/mol ≈ 0.216 mol

Use the stoichiometry of the balanced equation to determine the change in enthalpy (ΔH) for the given moles of fructose
ΔH = -2.83 x 10³ kJ/mol × 0.216 mol ≈ -6.13 x 10^2 kJ

So,  approximately -6.13 x 10² kJ is the change in enthalpy for the complete combustion of 39.0g of fructose.

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Therefore, the central iodine atom possesses 2 nonbonding (lone) pairs of electrons and 3 bonding pairs of electrons. The answer is a) 2, 3.

The molecule [tex]ICl_{3}[/tex] has a central iodine atom surrounded by three chlorine atoms. Each chlorine atom shares one bonding pair of electrons with the central iodine atom. Therefore, the central iodine atom possesses three bonding pairs of electrons. Looking at the periodic table, we can see that iodine is in group 7, which means it has seven valence electrons. In the molecule  [tex]ICl_{3}[/tex], the central iodine atom is using three of its valence electrons to form covalent bonds with the three chlorine atoms.

That leaves four valence electrons on the central iodine atom. These electrons are not involved in any covalent bonds and are therefore nonbonding or lone pairs.

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Answer:

In a positive ion, the number of electrons are less than the number of protons.

Explanation:

Answer:

A positive ion, also known as a cation, is formed when an atom loses one or more electrons. Electrons are negatively charged particles that orbit the nucleus of an atom. The nucleus contains positively charged particles called protons and neutral particles called neutrons.

In a neutral atom, the number of electrons is equal to the number of protons. When an atom loses one or more electrons, the balance between the number of protons and electrons is disrupted. Since there are now more protons than electrons, the atom becomes positively charged and is now a cation.

For example, when a sodium atom (Na) loses one electron, it becomes a sodium cation (Na+). The sodium atom has 11 protons and 11 electrons. When it loses one electron, it now has 11 protons and 10 electrons. Since there is one more proton than an electron, the sodium cation has a charge of +1.

2-naphthol, also known as β-naphthol, is a compound that exists in both an acidic and basic form. The acid form has a phenolic hydroxyl group, which can act as a proton donor, while the base form has a deprotonated hydroxyl group.

The Lewis structure of the acid form of 2-naphthol shows the phenolic hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the aromatic ring of naphthalene. This hydroxyl group forms a hydrogen bond with the neighboring oxygen atom in the ring. The Lewis structure of the base form of 2-naphthol shows the deprotonated hydroxyl group (-O-) attached to the ring. The negative charge on the oxygen is delocalized over the ring, making it more stable.

To draw the Lewis structures of the acid and base forms of 2-naphthol, start by drawing the skeletal structure of the naphthalene ring. Next, add the hydroxyl group (-OH) in the acid form or the deprotonated hydroxyl group (-O-) in the base form. Finally, add any lone pairs of electrons or charges to satisfy the octet rule and maintain charge neutrality.

Overall, the Lewis structures for the acid and base forms of 2-naphthol show the different protonation states of the phenolic hydroxyl group and their effect on the electron density of the naphthalene ring.

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The mass of 4.50 x 10^22 atoms of gold, Au, is 14.7 g.

To find the mass of 4.50 x 10^22 atoms of gold (Au), we need to use the following steps:

1. Determine the molar mass of gold (Au). From the periodic table, the molar mass of gold is 197 g/mol.

2. Calculate the number of moles of gold atoms by using Avogadro's number (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol). Divide the number of atoms (4.50 x 10^22) by Avogadro's number:

  (4.50 x 10^22 atoms) / (6.022 x 10^23 atoms/mol) = 0.0748 mol

3. Multiply the number of moles by the molar mass to get the mass of gold atoms:

  (0.0748 mol) x (197 g/mol) = 14.7 g

So, the mass of 4.50 x 10^22 atoms of gold (Au) is 14.7 g.

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The half-reaction occurring at the cathode for the given electrochemical cell is - Ni²⁺(aq) + 2 e⁻ → Ni (s)

A half-reaction is part of the total reaction that represents, on its own, either oxidation or reduction. A redox reaction requires two half-reactions, one oxidation, and one reduction.

At the cathode, the reduction of Nickel will take place. the reduction half-reaction is expressed as

Ni²⁺(aq) + 2 e⁻ → Ni (s)  - equation 1

At the anode, the oxidation of magnesium will take place. So the oxidation half-reaction is expressed as

Mg (s) → Mg²⁺ +2e⁻   -  equation 2

So the overall chemical equation is

Ni²⁺ (aq) + Mg (aq)  →  Ni (s) + Mg²⁺(aq)

Equation 1 is the half-reaction occurring at the cathode.

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The state of matter you are referring to is the liquid state.

In this state, atoms or molecules can change shape to fit the container they are in, but they do not necessarily occupy the whole space of the container, as they are held together by intermolecular forces, giving liquids a definite volume.

The liquid state of matter is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with solid, gas, and plasma.

In the liquid state, atoms or molecules are in constant motion, but they are still close enough to each other to be held together by intermolecular forces, such as hydrogen bonds, van der Waals forces, and other attractive forces.

One of the key characteristics of liquids is that they have a definite volume, which means that they maintain a fixed amount of space regardless of the shape of the container they are in.

This is because the intermolecular forces prevent the atoms or molecules from spreading out to fill the entire container. Instead, they tend to occupy the bottom of the container due to gravity, forming a level surface known as the liquid's free surface.

However, liquids do not have a definite shape and can change shape to fit the container they are in. This property is known as fluidity, and it allows liquids to flow and take the shape of their container.

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